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Violence
Published in John C. Gunn, Pamela J. Taylor, Forensic Psychiatry, 2014
John Gunn, Julian Walker, Ron Blackburn, John Gunn, Pamela J Taylor
Although the anticipation of punishment is considered to be the major inhibitor of aggression in both psychodynamic and learning theories, its effects are variable (Baron, 1983). Actual punishment is frustrating, and unless incapacitating, may increase angry aggression. It also constitutes counter aggression and provides a model for aggression. Threatened punishment has been found to deter angry aggression of low intensity and instrumental aggression motivated by modest gains. It is less likely to reduce aggression motivated by strong positive reinforcers, or by intense anger, which impairs consideration of future consequences.
Mental Health in Lifestyle Medicine
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
There is a complex bidirectional relationship between food intake and moods. Not only does food intake affect moods and brain health, but the opposite is also true. Psychological state affects appetites as well as food choices and preferences, as evidenced by the common desire for “comfort foods” when feeling stressed or experiencing low moods (Firth et al., 2020). It is widely accepted that humans eat for reasons other than physical hunger, and this behavior can lead to overweight and obesity (Bénard et al., 2018). Emotional eating manifests in several different types and occurs in response to depression (EE-D), anxiety/anger (EE-A), boredom (EE-B), or even in response to experiencing positive emotions (EE-P) (Braden et al., 2018). Researchers have found that distinctive patterns exist between these different types of emotional eating and the resulting psychological outcomes (Braden et al., 2018). The study conducted by Braden et al. (2018) showed that those who ate due to depression, anxiety, and boredom had worse psychological well-being, more disordered eating symptoms, and more difficulties with regulating their emotions. Another study conducted by Camilleri et al. (2014) showed that women who ate in response to depressive symptoms consumed higher amounts of energy-dense snacks, mostly those high in sugar and fat. In men, emotional eating for reasons other than depression was associated with overconsumption of these same foods (Camilleri et al., 2014). Additionally, Bénard et al. (2018) found that impulsivity and consideration of future consequences had a moderating effect on the relationship between emotional eating and body weight. These studies highlight the importance of considering the patient’s psychological state when attempting to target unhealthy eating habits.
An examination of the acquired preparedness model among college student marijuana users
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Benjamin L. Berey, Tessa M. Frohe, Ricarda K. Pritschmann, Ali M. Yurasek
The Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFC)45 is a 12-item measure that examines the degree to which one considers the proximal versus distal consequences of their current behaviors (e.g., “I consider how things might be in the future, and try to influence those things with my day to day behavior”). Participants indicated whether each of the 12 statements were characteristic of them on a 5-point Likert type scale from “Extremely uncharacteristic” to “Extremely characteristic”. Seven items were reverse scored (e.g., “I only act to satisfy immediate concerns, figuring the future will take care of itself”) and summed with the remaining five items to create a total score. Higher scores indicate a greater consideration of future consequences. Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach’s α = .80).
Development and Validation of a Future Self-Continuity Questionnaire: A Preliminary Report
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2020
Consideration of Future Consequences. The Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC–14; Joireman et al., 2012) is a self-report measure containing 14 items providing an overall measure of CFC. The CFC also contains items divided into two subscales (seven items each) assessing concern for future consequences (CFC–Future; e.g., “I am willing to sacrifice my immediate happiness or well-being in order to achieve future outcomes”) and concern for immediate consequences (CFC–Immediate; e.g., “My convenience is a big factor in the decisions I make or the actions I take”). Items are rated on a scale from 1 (very uncharacteristic of me) to 7 (very characteristic of me). In our sample the CFC had good internal consistency (CFC α = .92, CFC–Future α = .91, CFC–Immediate α = .89).
Individual differences in time perspective, age, and smoking behavior: A test of two present versus future conceptualizations
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2018
Tatiana Pozolotina, Svein O. Olsen
We assessed consideration of future consequences using the CFC-14 questionnaire (Joireman et al., 2012), that is, Strathman et al.’s (Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994) original CFC-12 scale with two additional future-oriented items. The present work used a short version of the ZTPI from Wakefield, Homewood, Taylor, Mahmut, and Meiser (2010) consisting of 5 items per dimension, 25 items in total. This scale contains 13 out of 15 questions used in the short version of ZTPI (SZPTI) examined and validated by Zhang, Howell, and Bowerman (2013) and McKay, Worrell, Temple, Perry, & Cole, (2014). To avoid question format effects (Schwarz, 1999; Tourangeau, Rips, & Rasinski, 2000), all items were rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from −3 = “strongly disagree” to +3 = “strongly agree.”