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Taste and Food Choice
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Contrasted with the subtlety of conditioned preferences is the potent and instantaneous aversion resulting from a single pairing of a novel taste with nausea: the conditioned taste aversion (CTA). As opposed to gently guiding the animal toward tastes that have been associated with nutrients, the CTA is an intense alarm to protect the animal that survives its first encounter with a toxin from ever consuming that substance again (Garcia, Kimmeldorf, and Koelling 1955). It is so readily established, potent and enduring that the CTA protocol has become a standard tool for studying taste behavior and physiology.
A Protective Role for Vagal Afferents: An Hypothesis
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
Conditioned taste aversion is not the only link between food and learning. A meal increases the memory of all aversive learning.39 Cholecystokinin, released in response to ingestion, has memory-enhancing effects mediated by the vagus. Vagal activity evokes the secretion of neurohypophyseal hormones and these have direct effects on aversive learning. For example, an intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin attenuates, whereas arginine vasopressin enhances, passive avoidance; hypophysectomy impairs shuttle box avoidance; rats deficient in neurohypophyseal hormones have difficulty acquiring and maintaining avoidance responses. There are, therefore, several mechanisms whereby interoceptive states signaled by the vagus can influence the learning of avoidance behavior. This is clearly much more than would be expected of a purely autonomic or visceral nerve.
Basic Learning Processes and Eating Behavior
Published in Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra, Psychology of Eating, 2019
Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra
Others later applied the newly acquired understanding of learned taste aversions to help ranchers humanely control wolf predation of their livestock (Gustavson, Kelly & Sweeney, 1976). After eating a sheep carcass contaminated with LiCl, wolves no longer preyed on sheep; in fact, they backed away after smelling their potential victims (LiCl induces nausea and vomiting in wolves). Ranchers have since used this method to prevent predation (from wolves, coyotes, crows, etc.) on other types of livestock (e.g., cows, chickens; Nicolaus et al., 1983). Conditioned taste aversion is similarly used to prevent agricultural damage caused by black birds and other animals and to protect endangered species (Werner, Kimball & Provenza, 2008). However, some debate remains around the usefulness of conditioned taste aversion in field conditions (i.e., without experimental controls and manipulation) because the associative learning typically occurs with the use of a carcass rather than live prey.
Effects of low-dose alcohol exposure in adolescence on subsequent alcohol drinking in adulthood in a rat model of depression
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Filip Siska, Petra Amchova, Daniela Kuruczova, Yousef Tizabi, Jana Ruda-Kucerova
The second hypothesis involves the amplification of the aversive properties of ethanol (Thibodeau and Pickering 2019),where consumption of low levels of unflavoured ethanol during adolescence could lead to augmentation of the aversive properties of ethanol in adulthood. This hypothesis, however, is less probable since adolescence is characterised by attenuated sensitivity to aversive stimuli (Anderson et al. 2010; Doremus-Fitzwater and Spear 2016). As evident, several studies indicated that pre-exposure to EtOH in both early and late adolescence can lead to long-term attenuation of conditioned taste aversion or conditioned place aversion caused by EtOH (Pautassi et al. 2015; Saalfield and Spear 2015; Williams et al. 2018). Nonetheless, some studies which focussed on ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion did indeed show the possibility of aversion development in adolescent rodents (Anderson et al. 2010; Acevedo et al. 2013). Yet, these studies used significantly higher doses of EtOH to reach conditioned taste aversion and different models of EtOH exposure over the time compared to the current study. On this note, we also took into consideration the possibility of confounding factors increasing aversive properties of EtOH. However, maximum standardisation and constant environmental conditions were assured during the whole experiment. Therefore, there is only a small probability of stress caused by these conditions, which may possibly have a character of chronic mild stress proven to increase EtOH consumption (Marco et al. 2017; Vázquez-León et al. 2017).
Effects of caloric or non-caloric sweetener long-term consumption on taste preferences and new aversive learning
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
Gabriela Vera-Rivera, María-Isabel Miranda, José Alejandro Rangel-Hernández, Dennys Badillo-Juárez, Daniela Fregoso-Urrutia, Seraid Caynas-Rojas
Recent evidence in rodents indicates that consumption of artificial sweeteners, in which sweet taste is dissociated from normal caloric consequences, could induce changes in energy and body weight regulation.3 The disruption of energy regulation by sweeteners suggests that flavors, including all the orosensory cues, not only modify intake and appetitive behavior but also change learned and conditioned responses.4 Flavor-conditioned responses prepare the gastrointestinal tract for the arrival of nutrients and mediate the anticipation of food reward; specifically, a Pavlovian conditioning occurs when taste (e.g. sweet, bitter) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) for post-ingestive (e.g. nutritive, gastric malaise) unconditioned stimulus (US). As a result, taste CS evoke conditioned responses. An appetitive response may develop if the taste is nutritive and palatable, increasing taste consumption,5 or an aversion to a certain taste is acquired when its consumption is followed by gastric malaise, i.e. conditioned taste aversion (CTA).6
Risks of cognitive detriments after low dose heavy ion and proton exposures
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Francis A. Cucinotta, Eliedonna Cacao
A major focus of space CNS radiobiology has been studies employing cognitive tests in mice and rats. The extrapolation of these results to humans has not been established, while issues of use of higher doses and dose-rates compared to those that occur in space has not been adequately addressed. Studies are diverse utilizing a variety of cognitive tests, doses, particle types, sex, age at exposure and time after exposure. These studies indicate significant deficits will occur at doses of 0.5 Gy and higher of high charge and energy (HZE) particles, while both positive and negative results were reported at lower doses. Particle species most often used in experiments are Fe, H, O, Ti and Si. Rabin et al. (2007, 2011) has been the only investigator that has detailed dose responses with 3 or more doses per cognitive test. Therefore information on dose thresholds in rodents has not been reliably established. No studies have been made for a chronic exposure or for the complex radiation field that occurs in space (Kim et al. 2015). Cognitive detriments suggested by various studies suggest the striatum, hippocampus, and the pre-frontal cortex are impacted. Older studies by Joseph and collaborators (see e.g. Rabin et al. 1991, 2000; Joseph et al. 1992) of sensorimotor deficits, conditioned taste aversion, and fixed operant responses were reviewed earlier by Cucinotta et al. (2014) showing differential results for heavy ion doses below 1 Gy.