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Psychosocial approaches -1 The acute episode and its aftermath
Published in Kathy J Aitchison, Karena Meehan, Robin M Murray, First Episode Psychosis, 2021
Kathy J Aitchison, Karena Meehan, Robin M Murray
The positive cognitive distortions provide reinforcing, biased confirmation of the positive cognitive triad. Positive experiences may be selectively attended to, and in this way underlying beliefs guiding behaviour are strengthened. Positive and negative schema are not mutually exclusive; an individual with a mixed affective episode may have both positive and negative (depressive) cognitive distortions.
Psychological treatments for depression
Published in Simon Lovestone, Robert Howard, Depression in Elderly People, 2020
Simon Lovestone, Robert Howard
Cognitive therapy is built upon a model of depression that proposes a cognitive triad that develops in a depressed individual. The individual acquires a negative view of self, their future and the world. They believe, to varying degrees, that they are useless or inadequate, that their future is unrelentingly bleak and hopeless and that the outside world or their experiences are deprived, obstructive or diminished. The cognitive model of depression accounts for the development of this negative triad by postulating that the depression-prone individual has underlying negative schemata. These are personal models of how we make sense of events and are relatively stable throughout life. An individual prone to developing depression has a predominantly negative set of schemata and interprets positive or neutral events in a negative light. These negative schemata lead to a typically depressive set of thinking patterns that lead the patient to take events out of context or to overgeneralize. A home-help failing to attend is interpreted as an act of personal dislike for the patient; a daughter failing to telephone is taken as evidence by the elderly depressed patient that they are unwanted, unloved and a burden to all the family.
Psychological Disorders
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Traumatic and stressful life events can trigger new episodes of mood disorders (Miklowitz & Johnson, 2006; Southwick et al., 2005). Improving family atmosphere and teaching the patient how to reduce and cope with stressors reduce the risk of relapse of the disorder (Lam & Wong, 2005; Miklowitz & Craighead, 2007). According to cognitive theories, people become depressed because they tend to interpret events in their lives in pessimistic, hopeless ways (Abramson et al., 2002). Aaron Beck grouped the negative thoughts of depressed individuals into three categories, which he called the cognitive triad: (1) negative thoughts about the self; (2) negative thoughts about present experiences; and (3) negative thoughts about the future (Beck, 1976). Negative thoughts about the self include the depressed person’s belief that he or she is worthless and inadequate. Depressed people believe that their inadequacies and defects will prevent them from ever improving their situation.
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Effectiveness of Cognitive-Reminiscence Therapy among Jordanian People with Major Depressive Disorders: A Mixed Methods Study
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Mutasem Al-Omari, Abdallah Abu Khait
One of the most influential cognitive theories that explains and clarifies the cause of depression is Beck’s cognitive model (1976), which designs one of the most effective ways to treat depression. The main parts of the cognitive model are negative automatic thoughts (NATs) (cognitive errors), schemas (core beliefs), the cognitive triad (a negative view of self, world, and future), and negative dysfunctional behaviors (Pössel & Black, 2014). Negative automatic thoughts include a conscious or preconscious cognitive process that presents irrational and rigid conclusions without evidence (Beck & Beck, 2011). The negative cognitive triad (negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future) reflects these thoughts, which cause negative emotions and maladaptive behaviors. These NATs and schemas result from specific past life experiences and rigid thoughts and beliefs about oneself, the future, and the world.
Mechanisms and Methods to Understand Depressive Symptoms
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
Sameena F. Sheikh-Wu, Kathryn S. Gerber, Melissa D. Pinto, Charles A. Downs
Beck and Bredemeier (2016) propose that a depressive state is an adaptive process of cognitive appraisal that results from a relationship of psychological (trauma) and biological (genetic) origins (Beck & Bredemeier, 2016). Beck’s cognitive triad has three key elements: negative views about the world, negative views about the future, and negative views about oneself. Beck’s cognitive approach can be cyclic yet interrupted with thought examination and using such strategies as reality testing and cognitive reframing. This has served as a basis for therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and CBT has been shown to improve mood and is associated with changes in biomarkers. CBT and cognitive appraisal skills do not directly address cognitive deficits that are modifiable with training, such as reduced attention, that could contribute to a person’s ability to employ CBT skills learned in therapy.
The Synergistic Influence of Life Experiences and Cultural Nuances on Development of Depression: A Cognitive Behavioral Perspective
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2020
Cognitive Behavioral Theorists postulate that depressed persons think differently than those individuals who are not depressed (Warren, 2017). Moreover, it is this pattern of thinking that causes persons to become depressed (Beck, 1967). Franke et al., (1987) is the primary developer of cognitive behavioral theory (CBT). Beck hypothesizes persons’ depression grounds out of early childhood loss resulting in dysfunctional, automatic, uncontrollable, and negative thinking. Beck says that a person with depression has cognitions (i.e. schemas) that encompass core beliefs about self, the world environment, and the future (Beck, 1967; Franke et al., 1987). These core beliefs also known as the cognitive triad become automatic and spontaneous in persons who incur depression (Beck, 1967; Franke et al., 1987). This combination of automatic negative cognitions, stress, and development of depression within the lives of children and adults may increase the levels of toxic stress, which leads to problems with daily functioning and productivity for affected individuals (Shern, Blanch, & Steverman, 2014).