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Optimizing Function and Physical Health in Frail Adults
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Increasing the frail older adult’s motivation to engage in physical activity at any level of intensity can be done by addressing a number of the known barriers to physical activity, as shown in Table 28.2. The use of social cognitive theory is helpful to address these barriers. Social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1997) is one of the major theoretical frameworks used to change behavior. Social cognitive theory proposes that the stronger the individual’s self-efficacy and outcome expectations, the more likely it is that he or she will initiate and persist with a given activity. Self-efficacy expectations are the individual’s beliefs in his or her capabilities to perform a course of action to attain a desired outcome; outcome expectations are the beliefs that certain consequences will be produced by personal action. Efficacy expectations are dynamic and enhanced by four mechanisms: (1) successful performance of the activity; (2) verbal encouragement; (3) seeing how individuals perform the activity; and (4) elimination of unpleasant physiological and affective states associated with the activity.
A brief history of dreams
Published in Josie Malinowski, The Psychology of Dreaming, 2020
From the turn of the 21st century onwards, the cognitive theory became the neurocognitive theory (Domhoff, 2001). This theory emphasised that not only are dreams a form of cognition which embody our concerns from waking life, but that they are only able to form in minds that are mature enough (i.e. the brain has developed enough in childhood to be able to produce dreams), in the absence of brain damage that may affect dreaming (see next section), in the absence of stimuli (i.e. the mind is not engaged with anything else at the time), and with the correct activation of certain brain regions. Dreaming, in this formulation, draws on our memories, our understandings of ourselves and our world, and our imaginations, to create simulations of our reality that depict things we are thinking about and doing in waking life. This theory is the first we have considered so far to place dreams firmly in the physical stuff of the brain (as opposed to the abstract, formless ‘mind’), and it’s to this that we turn in the next section.
Human Development and Its Theories
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Cognitive theory focuses on the structure and development of the individual’s thought processes and their effect on one’s understanding of the world. Piaget did not view children’s intellectual development as a quantitative process in which children just add more information and knowledge to their existing knowledge as they get older, but he suggested that there is a qualitative change in how children think as they gradually process through four stages of cognitive development. Thus, a child at age 7 not only has more information about the world than he or she did at age 2, but there is a fundamental change in how he or she thinks about the world.
Effect of Home-Based Self-Management Intervention for Community-Dwelling Patients with Early Parkinson’s Disease: A Feasibility Study
Published in Journal of Community Health Nursing, 2023
Hui Young So, Sung Reul Kim, Sunho Kim, Yu Sun Park, Sungyang Jo, Kye Won Park, Nari Choi, Seung Hyun Lee, Yun Su Hwang, Mi Sun Kim, Sun Ju Chung
The home-based self-management intervention for community-dwelling patients with early PD was developed based on social cognitive theory and previous literature on self-management of PD. The major constructs for social cognitive theory are personal cognitive factors, socioenvironmental factors, and behavioral factors (Glanz et al., 2015; Jang & Yoo, 2012). Among personal cognitive factors, self-efficacy refers to the confidence to engage in a behavior, and knowledge is the understanding level with respect to enacting the behavior. Socioenvironmental factors include aspects of the perceived or physical environment, and social support is a well-known socioenvironmental factor. Additionally, behavioral factors include a person’s existing repertoire of health behavior capabilities or behavioral skills (Glanz et al., 2015; Jang & Yoo, 2012).
Adolescent asthma management self-efficacy and responsibility: impact on asthma control and quality-of-life
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Betsy Sleath, Delesha Carpenter, Scott A. Davis, Nacire Garcia, Daniel S. Reuland, Gail Tudor, Ceila E. Loughlin
To our knowledge, no prior study has examined how asthma management self-efficacy and outcome expectations, which are two key components of social cognitive theory, were associated with asthma responsibility. We also could not locate any prior studies that investigated how asthma management self-efficacy, outcomes expectations, and asthma responsibility were associated with asthma control and quality-of-life in the same study. Therefore, using social cognitive theory as our framework, our team examined: (a) whether adolescent asthma management self-efficacy and outcome expectations were associated with asthma responsibility and (b) the extent to which asthma management self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and asthma responsibility were associated with adolescent quality-of-life and whether their asthma was controlled.
Antecedents of high-risk situations for relapse in women with opioid use disorder: A qualitative study
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2022
Zahra Mohaddes Hakkak, Shahriar Shahidi, Mahmood Heidari, Saeed Imani, Shahrbanoo Ghahari
According to the results, six basic tropes of the organizing theme, namely negative thoughts, disappointment and feelings of emptiness, lack of control over craving, aggression, irritability, the pleasure of use, and lack of self-confidence, are psychological factors (organizing theme) causing lapse. This finding is consistent with studies that introduced psychological stressor as causes of relapse (Clark et al., 2015; Kroll et al., 2019; Vest et al., 2020). Based on the behavioral cognitive theory, the researchers believed thoughts have effects on behaviors and emotions. Such negative thoughts as “I can’t quit”, “quitting is useless”, or “my purity is not important to others” can adversely affect the sense of self-efficacy, and drug withdrawal decision. As a result, the feeling of disappointment may get the person demotivated from keeping abstinence and dealing with associated difficulties. Moreover, a person with a sense of emptiness and lack of self-value has no incentive of remaining abstinence. Such emotional states such as aggression and irritability can be very unpleasant for both the patients and those close to her. Due to the chemical coping style in drug user (Castañeda et al., 2018), Failure in managing unpleasant emotions may stimulate her to return to drug use.