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Attention and Executive Function Disorders
Published in Christopher J. Nicholls, Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children and Adolescents, 2018
Durston, van Belle, and de Zeeuw (2011) has expanded this concept by suggesting that ADHD represents dysfunction in any of three neurobiological circuits that differentially affect cognitive control, reward processing, and affective timing/one’s ability to build temporal prediction. While thinking has previously localized ADHD as a “frontal lobe” dysfunction, Durston’s model goes beyond this idea to include the cerebellum, within a broader model of cortical-subcortical connectivity. Indeed, timing and speed have started to find their ways into thinking of several researchers in ADHD, and the January 2014 edition of the Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology was entirely devoted to the concept that a “sluggish cognitive tempo” might represent yet another subtype or form of ADHD. Also, as research into the functions of the basal ganglia (a subcortical area of the brain) progresses, we are learning of concepts such as “time discounting” and “intolerance of uncertainty” (King, Shin, Taylor, Mattek, Chavez, & Whalen, 2017), representing our growing appreciation of the fine distinctions between specific dimensions of behavior. In sum, dimensional models of ADHD are moving beyond description and the determination of whether one “fits” a behavioral category, to more of an understanding of the underlying biobehavioral mechanisms driving behavior.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Women
Published in Kathleen A. Kendall-Tackett, Lesia M. Ruglass, Women’s Mental Health Across the Lifespan, 2017
Episodes of euphoria characterize the bipolar disorders. Euphoria is an elevated mood state, but in the bipolar disorders, the negative consequences of an elevated mood far outweigh any feelings of enjoyment or pleasure. Euphoric mood includes increased irritability, agitation, or anxiety. It is accompanied by an accelerated cognitive tempo, constant physiological arousal, and some form of risky behavior. A severe form, mania, can bring on psychosis. The cognitive and physiological symptoms are uncomfortable and upsetting, while high-risk behaviors are dysfunctional at best and dangerous at worst. Most women who suffer from a bipolar mood disorder also experience episodes of depression, although this is not a requirement for all forms of bipolar disorder. While bipolar disorders are fairly evenly distributed among women and men, women are overrepresented in the types of bipolar disorders that include prominent depressive episodes (e.g., American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Miquel et al., 2011).
Evaluation of traumatic brain injury following acute rehabilitation
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Next, it is important to evaluate whether learning is rule-governed or nonrule-governed.54 A deck of cards can be utilized to evaluate an individual’s abilities in this regard. First, the cards are slowly dealt, face up, into two piles, which are separated on the basis of whether they are black or red. The individual is asked to tell the examiner the rule the examiner is using to place a card in either pile. The individual should be able to identify a rule within five to 10 cards per pile. If the individual is able to identify the rule properly, the examiner should continue by simply changing the pile into which the red cards and black cards are delivered (to the converse pile). Again, the individual should be able to tell the examiner that the rule has changed and what the new rule is. This is an evaluation of a “reversal shift” capability. The testing progresses with the examiner changing the rule entirely, placing face cards in one pile and nonface cards in the other. Again, determination of the change in rule and the nature of the rule is the target for this “nonreversal shift” activity. Care should be taken to evaluate the level of capability and/or frustration present during this task, and the task is discontinued should the individual be unable to complete the task or become frustrated with it. Previous administration of the Wisconsin Card Sort may provide the information that can be obtained from this procedure. Whether the individual is a reflective thinker or has an impulsive thought style should be evaluated and noted as cognitive tempo.47 Speed of processing should likewise be evaluated.
Anxiety and depression among college students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Cross-informant, sex, and subtype differences
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2018
Jason M. Nelson, Spencer W. Liebel
Our results indicating no significant mean score differences between the ADHD subtype groups on self-report measures of anxiety and depression are consistent with the findings of Nelson and Gregg.11 These results are also consistent with those of Sprafkin et al.36 who found no differences between inattentive and combined ADHD subtypes on self-report measures of anxiety and depression using a clinically referred sample of adults. Some of our findings did point in the direction of individuals with inattentive type ADHD experiencing a higher rate of at-risk anxiety-related symptomatology compared to those with combined type ADHD. Although only speculative, it is possible that symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) may be at least partially associated with these elevated symptoms. Inattentive type ADHD has been shown to be associated with SCT37, and SCT symptoms have been shown to be strong predictors of internalizing symptoms among college students with ADHD.38