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Optimizing Medication Use through Health Information Technology
Published in Salvatore Volpe, Health Informatics, 2022
Troy Trygstad, Mary Ann Kliethermes, Anne L. Burns, Mary Roth McClurg, Marie Smith, John Easter
Classification systems and ontologies are not foreign to the healthcare domain. They have evolved in healthcare alongside our ever-increasing ability to discover and distinguish disease and pathology as well as the ever-increasing number of procedures and services that may be deployed to address those diseases. Examples of widely recognized classification systems include the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), currently in its 10th edition, for terming and classifying diseases, with its sister ICD-PCS for procedure coding maintained by the World Health Organization.26 In the United States, Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code sets maintained by the American Medical Association are principally used to report medical, surgical and diagnostic procedures using a coding classification system.
Opportunities and Challenges for Digital Health Advancement
Published in Connie White Delaney, Charlotte A. Weaver, Joyce Sensmeier, Lisiane Pruinelli, Patrick Weber, Deborah Trautman, Kedar Mate, Howard Catton, Nursing and Informatics for the 21st Century – Embracing a Digital World, 3rd Edition, Book 1, 2022
Gillian Strudwick, Sanaz Riahi, Nicholas R. Hardiker
Nurse researchers were quick to recognize the potential of more contemporary approaches to terminology development. The International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) (Coenen, 2003), a product of the International Council of Nurses, was perhaps the first terminology for nursing to deploy description logic in its development. Description logics are formal knowledge representation languages that are used to describe and reason on concepts or entities within a particular domain (Meditskos et al., 2017), in this case, nursing practice. Since its first release version, ICNP has been underpinned by the de facto description logic standard, Web Ontology Language (OWL). A similar approach has been taken more recently by Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine SNOMED International, to support the development of SNOMED Clinical Terms CT (SNOMED CT, 2020), a more comprehensive multidisciplinary terminology for health and social care (the World Health Organization (WHO), has also deployed OWL to support the development of the foundation for the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 11) (ICD-11, 2019)).
Disability
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Sarah Polack, Phillip Sheppard
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) defines people with disabilities as those who have ‘long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others’.3 The WHO’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a widely used conceptual framework for disability that understands disability as a dynamic interaction between health conditions and/or impairment and contextual factors that are both personal (e.g. age, sex and education) and environmental (e.g. terrain, building design and laws).2,4 Key to the ICF and UNCRPD is that disability is not a health condition or attribute of the person; rather, it is the interaction between aspects of the person’s body and mind and the features of the society in which that person lives.2
Artificial intelligence for diagnosis of mild–moderate COVID-19 using haematological markers
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Krishnaraj Chadaga, Srikanth Prabhu, Vivekananda Bhat, Niranjana Sampathila, Shashikiran Umakanth, Rajagopala Chadaga
The classification system’s diagnosis will significantly influence how healthcare decisions are made. Technological advancements have led to digitizing and automating multiple processes and functions. As a result, accurate, intelligible and easy-to-understand techniques are given more priority. A comprehensible XAI model improves a healthcare professional’s capacity to validate the proposed predictions in the intricate world of medicine. Before making a final treatment choice, assessing the diagnostic model’s performance is essential. Furthermore, feature evaluations considering various factors are essential for resilient systems. In this research, five explainers have been utilized. They are SHAP, LIME, Eli5, QLattice and Anchor. Most of the algorithms were tested on the best four feature selection methods. When writing this manuscript, many explainers did not support DL models. Further, the ML pipelines obtained better results compared to DL models. Hence, DL models were not subjected to XAI techniques in this research.
An overview of methodological flaws of real-world studies investigating drug safety in the post-marketing setting
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Salvatore Crisafulli, Zakir Khan, Yusuf Karatas, Marco Tuccori, Gianluca Trifirò
Data concerning clinical diagnoses are coded through international coding systems, such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), while data concerning drugs are coded through the anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system. As such, these RWD sources have a considerable potential for the post-marketing evaluation of drug safety and effectiveness and are valuable and consolidated data sources for the conduction of large-scale pharmacoepidemiological studies [12]. Even though they usually do not cover the entire life cycle of the patient through various providers, claims databases show their full potential for research when it is possible to link them internally and with each other (record linkage), thus allowing to trace the patient’s clinical history and to evaluate effectiveness and/or safety outcomes.
Drug dependence as a split object: Trajectories of neuroscientification and behavioralization at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
Some years earlier, international experts and the competent authorities had changed diagnostic categories regarding addiction and drug use. In the German health system, the International Classification of Disease (ICD) published by the World Health Organization (WHO) was and is the central diagnostic tool, used for insurance coding purposes. In 1957, the WHO introduced the word “addiction” (Sucht) as the official term employed in the ICD.1In 1957, the official diagnostic term in the ICD was “addiction” (WHO, 1957). In the text, however, the term “dependence” was often used as a synonym until it finally replaced addictionas an umbrella term in 1964. Although the ICD is the central manual for the European context, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is more important in North America. In the DSM, the development of the category was different, with the term “substance use disorder” dominating (Shorter 2005). Moreover, “addiction” is still used more widely in the English-speaking world.