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MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 2: Answers
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Explanation: Autism and Asperger’s syndrome are similar except that delayed speech is found in autism but not in Asperger’s syndrome. In autism, performance IQ is higher than verbal IQ. In contrast, verbal IQ is higher than performance IQ in Asperger’s syndrome. Rett’s syndrome occurs in girls with sudden arrest of development at 6 months. Children with childhood disintegrative disorder have normal development up to 2 years and have loss of skills in language, play, social skills, bladder or bowel controls and motor skills.
Autism and Parents
Published in Michael Fitzpatrick, Mmr And Autism, 2004
Another confusion has arisen in relation to childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) (Wing, Potter 2002). In this, very rare, condition the child develops normally up to the age of at least 2 years, more commonly beyond 3, when there is a dramatic loss of language, social skills and adaptive behaviour, accompanied by loss of continence and motor abnormalities. Although there may be some difficulty in distinguishing this condition from childhood autism, the recognition of earlier developmental abnormalities in autism and the later and more drastic loss of cognitive skills in CDD usually clarify the diagnosis3.
Autistic Spectrum Conditions
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Autism spectrum conditions (ASC), or autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) as they are also known, are neurodevelopmentally determined states of mind described in the tenth revision of the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Associations (DSM-5). DSM-5 uses one umbrella term, autism spectrum disorder, while ICD-10 lists several conditions: Childhood autism.Atypical autism with atypical age of onset, i.e. after three years of age.Atypical autism with atypical symptomatology, i.e. absence of autistic tendencies in one or more diagnostic domains, or insufficient symptom numbers, persistence or intensities.Asperger syndrome: see below.Childhood disintegrative disorder: a rare condition with deterioration in multiple developmental domains including social, language and intellectual, following initial seemingly normal development.Pervasive developmental disorder: atypical development in all key psychological domains, but not to the same degree as childhood autism or Asperger syndrome.
WHODAS-Child: psychometric properties of the WHODAS 2.0 for children and youth among Italian children with autism spectrum disorder
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Stefano Federici, Giulia Balboni, Allegra Buracchi, Francesca Barbanera, Angiolo Pierini
Participants were recruited among parents and clinicians of 100 children (86% male) aged 6–17 years (M = 9.10; SD = 2.66) with a diagnosis of ASD without intellectual disability (Table 1) who attended the Center of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Psychology of Developmental Age (Local Health Unit – Umbria 1, Perugia, belonging to the Italian National Health Service). The diagnosis of ASD referred to a pervasive developmental disorder that occurs before the age of three years and with abnormal functioning in reciprocal social interaction, communication, and restricted, stereotyped, repetitive behavior. According to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) [23], this diagnosis refers to the code F84.0 – childhood autism. Children with atypical autism (F84.1), other childhood disintegrative disorder (F84.3), Asperger syndrome (F84.5), and unspecified pervasive developmental disorder were also included. Children with Rett syndrome (F84.2), overactive disorder associated with intellectual disability and stereotyped movements (F84.4) or other pervasive developmental disorders (F84.8) were excluded. In addition, the intensity of support was codified according to DSM-5 code 299.00 (Table 1).
Gene therapy for neurological disorders: challenges and recent advancements
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Stefanie A. Pena, Rahul Iyengar, Rebecca S. Eshraghi, Nicole Bencie, Jeenu Mittal, Abdulrahman Aljohani, Rahul Mittal, Adrien A. Eshraghi
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by impairments in social communication/interaction and restrictive, repetitive behaviours/interests [103,104]. This disorder encompasses the spectrum of symptomatology formerly diagnosed as autism, Asperger’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive development disorder. According to the CDC’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ASSM) Network there has been an increase in the average prevalence of ASD, estimating every 1 in 59 children being identified with ASD [103]. This increase in prevalence could be due to the expansion of diagnostic classification and/or increased awareness/recognition. There is no cure for ASD and current treatments are used to help manage symptoms such as low dose atypical antipsychotics medications such as risperidone and aripiprazole are the only the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medications to help in reducing disruptive behaviour, aggression and irritability [105]. The aetiology of ASD is multifactorial, driven by heterogeneous genetic mutations and influenced by environmental interactions, but it does appear that ASD has a strong genetic component, making gene therapy a possibility for future therapies [104].
Leo Kanner and autism: a 75-year perspective
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2018
In DSM-5, all four of the DSM-IV-TR sub-groups were eliminated, and a new term, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), was introduced. For example, patients with Rett syndrome were removed. Patients with Rett syndrome are profoundly intellectually disabled. Loss of purposeful hand skills, loss of acquired spoken language, gait abnormalities, and stereotypic hand movements are the major criteria. Intense eye communication is a supportive criterion (Neul et al., 2010). Moreover, current revised diagnostic criteria for Rett syndrome do not list social deficits. Thus, Rett syndrome patients do not meet criteria for ASD. Childhood disintegrative disorder, unlike autism, involves severe continued cognitive decline and is no longer included in the classification. Because Asperger’s syndrome is not sufficiently distinguishable from high functioning autism, it too was removed from the classification in DSM-5.