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Act for Recovery
Published in Sandra Rasmussen, Developing Competencies for Recovery, 2023
Clinical application of behavioral psychology followed, especially the use of behavior modification in the 1940s and 1950s. Behavior modification relies on many principles of behavioral psychology including reinforcement, punishment, extinction shaping, fading, and chaining. Later in the 1950s, American psychologist Albert Ellis created rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). REBT is an action-oriented approach to managing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances. REBT influenced the development of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) by Aaron Beck in the1960s (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) by Marsha Linehan in the 1970s, and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) by Steven C. Hayes in the 1980s. Key concepts from behavioral psychology that are used in behavioral therapies include systematic desensitization, exposure and response prevention, token economy, modeling, applied behavior analysis, and contingency management.
Behavior Modification
Published in Eli Ilana, Oral Psychophysiology, 2020
The terms behavior modification and behavior therapy describe clinical procedures in psychology where the therapist attempts to modify symptoms in the patient’s behavior which interfere with his/her adaptive functioning.1
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
Published in Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney, Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Mark L. Wolraich, Melissa A. Doffing
Behavioral therapy can be another important component to managing ADHD. Behavior modification is the most frequently employed psychosocial intervention, and the one with the strongest scientific evidence for its efficacy. Techniques shown to be effective involve contingency reinforcement, including token economies, time outs, and earning or losing privileges (48). Social skills therapy tries to address the deficit that many children with ADHD have in social situations, but because of the difficulty that the children have in generalizing what they learn, there is limited evidence for its efficacy unless the training takes place in actual situations with other children. Family therapy may be helpful, particularly on issues such as sibling relationships, but the evidence for its efficacy is weak. Play and cognitive therapy have not been found to be efficacious treatments for children with ADHD (48).
Behavior Contracts Are Not Psychologically Naïve
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2023
A behaviorally-focused approach is consistent with well-established fundamentals of behavioral psychology and applied behavioral modification techniques (Cooper, Heron, and Heward 2019). As it has been refined, applied behavior theory demonstrates that it is possible to encourage appropriate behaviors and decrease maladaptive behaviors by modifying the preceding stimuli and following consequences without extensive exploration of an individual’s underlying thoughts or motivations (Early and Grady 2017). It is this simplicity that encourages their use for reinforcing appropriate behavioral norms in medical settings broadly and mental health treatment settings specifically. For example, inpatient behavioral health treatment units often utilize a simple reward and demerit system to encourage health-promoting behaviors, such as active participation in group therapy, and to discourage unhealthy behaviors, such as skipping group therapy. Why someone may desire to skip group therapy is worth exploring. However, failing to attend group therapy for any reason undermines the likelihood of psychological healing. The same rationale applies to behavior contracts to shape patient or family behaviors through rewards and simple punishments.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatient Care: Contemporary Practices and Introduction of the 5S Model
Published in Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2022
Casey D. Calhoun, Elizabeth A. Nick, Kyrill Gurtovenko, Aaron J. Vaughn, Shannon W. Simmons, Rebecca Taylor, Eileen Twohy, Jessica Flannery, Alysha D. Thompson
Behavioral modification has traditionally centered on managing problematic behavior through use of rewards and consequences (Johnson et al., 2014). Behavior modification programs utilize a point or level system that consistently reinforces appropriate behavior (e.g., sticker charts, token economy) and provides consequences for inappropriate behavior (e.g., loss of privileges, time-out; Dean et al., 2007). Behavioral modification programs can lead to reductions in aggressive behavior as well as fewer seclusion and physical restraint events (Carlson et al., 2020; Dean et al., 2007). However, others have argued that the use of punitive consequences can increase negative interactions between patients and staff, thereby decreasing its therapeutic function (Ercole-Fricke et al., 2016).
Comparison of weight loss and adverse events of obesity drugs in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Guangming Zhao, Qi Zhang, Fan Wu, Shuang Yin, Yiqi Xie, Hongyan Liu
The mean age of the study participants was 13.33 ± 2.23 years, and 57.61% were female. Furthermore, the mean BMI was 32.98 ± 6.21 kg/m2, and the mean body weight was 88.1 ± 24.9 kg. Nineteen trials were conducted among patients without diabetes, and two among patients with diabetes who were receiving medical treatment. The baseline patient characteristics and prognostic factors were equally distributed among the groups in each trial. Six trials provided specific dietary criteria, while 10 described only the need for a healthy diet and five did not mention healthy eating. In 15 trials, participants were divided into exercise or exercise guidance groups, whereas in six, no exercise-related content was mentioned. Participants received instructions on behavior modification in 10 trials, whereas no behavior modification instructions were mentioned in the remaining 11. The baseline characteristics of the patients are provided in the Supplementary Table S1.