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Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Aversion therapy was used for the treatment of conditions which are undesirable but felt pleasant by the patient, e.g., alcohol dependence, and transvestism. The underlying principle is pairing of the pleasant stimulus with an unpleasant response, so that even in the absence of the unpleasant response, the pleasant stimulus becomes unpleasant by association. The unpleasant aversion can be produced by low voltage electric stimulus, or drugs (such as disulfiram in the case of alcohol dependence). Typically, 20–40 sessions are needed, with each session lasting about 1 hour. After completion of treatment, booster sessions may be given. Currently, the use of aversion therapy has declined sharply as it is felt that it may violate the human rights of the patient.
Risky behaviours: smoking, alcohol, diet and exercise
Published in Devinder Rana, Dominic Upton, Psychology for Nurses, 2013
These therapies reduce a person's desire for alcohol by pairing an aversive experience with alcohol (whether this be sight, smell or taste). If successful, these alcohol stimuli should then elicit the unpleasant experiences and clients should acquire a conditioned aversion to alcohol (Thatcher and Clarke, 2006). Examples of aversion include electrical aversion therapy which pairs alcohol cues with electrical shocks until a conditioned response (anxiety) develops in response to these alcohol cues. Anxiety should then trigger alcohol avoidance. In chemical aversion therapy patients who have been given a vomiting-inducing drug are then administered alcohol a few minutes before vomiting occurs. Finally in verbal aversion therapy the noxious stimulus consists of aversive imagery which is repeatedly paired with alcohol-related imagery. The initial procedure involves pairing drinking stimuli with vivid imagination of nausea or other uncomfortable consequences of drinking. At a later phase, non-drinking alternatives, such as pouring out the drink or leaving the drinking setting, will be added. Results of empirical evaluations have been somewhat more encouraging for chemical and verbal aversion than for electrical aversion therapy.
IRP commission: sexual minorities and mental health: global perspectives
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2022
Dinesh Bhugra, Helen Killaspy, Anindya Kar, Saul Levin, Egor Chumakov, Daniel Rogoza, Carol Harvey, Harjit Bagga, Yvonne Owino – Wamari, Ian Everall, Amie Bishop, Kenneth Ross Javate, Ian Westmore, Amir Ahuja, Julio Torales, Howard Rubin, Joao Castaldelli-Maia, Roger Ng, Gene A. Nakajima, Petros Levounis, Antonio Ventriglio
Medicine and psychiatry both have their own cultures, languages, ways of thinking, values, and tend to carry certain authority (Maturo, 2012) not dissimilar to that exhibited by religions. Medicalisation of 'normal variant’ sexual desire and expression may be to do with creation of ‘the other’ to create identity and may also feed into holding on to power by heteronormative individuals. When individuals belonging to sexual minorities are pathologised and defined as ‘unwell’ or ‘ill’, it follows that ‘treatments’ can be ‘prescribed’ by the society and psychiatrists as the agents of the state deliver these. In the past these interventions have included aversion therapy (e.g. electric shocks, apomorphine induced vomiting), oestrogen treatment to reduce libido but also religious counselling (Smith et al., 2004). Many countries continue to offer these to this day. Not surprisingly, more privileged men were often offered the 'softer’ alternative of treatment rather than jail if caught in same-sex behaviours (Carr & Spandler, 2019).
State-of-the-art behavioral and pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorder
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2019
Lara A. Ray, Spencer Bujarski, Erica Grodin, Emily Hartwell, ReJoyce Green, Alexandra Venegas, Aaron C. Lim, Artha Gillis, Karen Miotto
Classical conditioning therapies include cue-exposure therapy (CET) and aversion therapy. CET involves repeated exposure to alcohol-related stimuli, without the reinforcement of alcohol consumption, to produce a decrease in alcohol craving and an increase in self-efficacy for coping with urges and high-risk situations (47). CET has received some empirical support from a number of studies, including a comparison to CBT (48,49), in conjunction with pharmacotherapies (50), and in fMRI work (51). Despite the theory-driven approach of CET, data have been mixed. One study did not show that CET yielded additional benefits beyond CBT alone (52). Two meta-analyses have respectively found the overall effect size of CET to be small (d < 0.10) (47) and that CET has little to no impact on drinking outcomes (53). Novel approaches for the delivery of CET are currently under investigation, specifically via smartphone applications (54). Aversion therapy involves repeated pairings of alcohol with an unpleasant stimulus, such as an electric shock or chemical emetic, to target unconscious memory associations involving alcohol craving. While there is initial evidence that aversion therapy results in improved abstinence rates (55), it has not been widely studied, potentially due to ethical concerns regarding this approach.
Psychological interventions for treating neuropsychiatric consequences of acquired brain injury: A systematic review
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2019
Daan P. J. Verberne, Peggy J. J. Spauwen, Caroline M. van Heugten
A total of six studies, in which 29 patients with ABI participated, addressed disinhibition symptoms. Three studies examined a population of TBI, patients with ABI were studied twice and patients with hypoxia were studied once. Four different kinds of interventions were examined, of which three studies (50.0%) examined behavioural management techniques. A self-management technique, CBT, and electrical aversion therapy were each studied once (16.7% each). Four different outcome measures were used in these six studies (see Table 7). The included studies comprised one Class I study (16.7%), four Class II studies (66.7%) and one Class III study (16.7%). This added up to five high-quality studies.