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Animal Models of Subtypes of Depression
Published in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen, Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
Paul Willner, Paul J. Mitchell
Unlike melancholia, no consensus exists that nonmelancholic depression is a homogeneous entity, and this issue has been extensively debated. Within the nonmelancholic spectrum, two syndromes have been described that are of interest in the present context. One of these is not recognized in DSM-IV, but has features that suggest it might represent a coherent biological entity. This is a form of depression in which central 5HT activity is decreased, as indicated by low concentrations of the 5HT metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) in cerebrospinal fluid. These depressions are characterized by high levels of anxiety and agitation, and Van Praag [273] has suggested that these symptoms are primary, with depressed mood as a secondary response to a failure to cope with the consequences. It has been suggested that some animal models of depression which are characterized by high levels of locomotor activity and/or aggression, may represent models of this subtype, and these are described below.
Genes involved in glucocorticoid receptor signalling affect susceptibility to mood disorders
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Dawid Szczepankiewicz, Beata Narożna, Piotr Celichowski, Kosma Sakrajda, Paweł Kołodziejski, Ewa Banach, Przemysław Zakowicz, Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, Joanna Pawlak, Monika Wiłkość, Monika Dmitrzak-Węglarz, Maria Skibińska, Alicja Bejger, Joanna Twarowska-Hauser, Janusz K. Rybakowski, Leszek Nogowski, Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
An animal model of depression was developed by chronic mild stress protocol (CMS) as described previously (Papp 2012). The study was approved by the local ethical committee (agreement no. 22/2017). We used adult male Wistar rats (outbred, Crl:Wl, AnimaLab, Poland) with a baseline weight of 180 g ± 10 g. The animals were group-housed and kept for one week of acclimatisation and then were randomly divided into two experimental groups. The experiments were conducted during the light phase. The first group of animals (n = 8) was exposed to different stress stimuli for 4 weeks, according to the CMS protocol to induce depressive-like behaviour according to the protocol by Papp (Papp 2012). The control group consisted of rats (n = 6) kept in standard conditions not exposed to CMS. Behavioural tests, forced-swim test, and open field test were performed at baseline and after chronic milsd stress protocol to assess depressive-like behaviour. Change in the analysed parameters of more than 40% after the CMS protocol compared with the baseline (before chronic mild stress protocol) was used to confirm depressive-like behaviour in the rats.
The preclinical discovery and development of agomelatine for the treatment of depression
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
George Konstantakopoulos, Stefanos Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiota G. Michalopoulou
Agomelatine was designed and preclinically tested as a potential antidepressant agent. Consequently, its preclinical development included studies with widely used animal models of depression. We should bear in mind that the use of these models is based on the detection of drugs with monoaminergic properties. This may be a limitation for research of new antidepressant compounds, since drugs with potential antidepressant effect mediated by a non-monoaminergic mechanism of action could be discarded, as it has already been pointed out [102]. Many indicators of potential antidepressant activity of agomelatine were used in these models, such as resynchronizing effects on disturbed circadian rhythms and enhancement of neurogenesis but this was an ad hoc strategy for the preclinical development of a compound with a non-monoaminergic mechanism of action.
Antidepressant effect of Gentiana olivieri Griseb. in male rats exposed to chronic mild stress
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2020
Ahmet Berk, İsmet Yılmaz, Nurettin Abacıoğlu, Mustafa Bahadır Kaymaz, Merve Gökşin Karaaslan, Ebru Kuyumcu Savan
Depression is a psychiatric disorder that manifests itself in symptoms such as sadness, despair, self-depreciation, disturbance of bodily functions (e.g., sleep, appetite, sexual drive), decreased will to live, and suicidal tendency [1]. With the global prevalence of 4.4%, depression represents an ever-growing problem [2]. Animal models of depression are widely used by researchers for the discovery of new drugs, or development of new treatment methods. Among these models, the chronic stress model is important in that it is an experimental animal model that mimics the stress to which humans are exposed during daily living and is widely used in probing pathogenesis of depressive disorders, particularly for evaluating chronic treatments [3].