China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The agony of reason
Published in David Bain, Michael Brady, Jennifer Corns, Philosophy of Suffering, 2019
Matthew Fulkerson, Jonathan Cohen
This picture gathers support from the observation that suffering and reasons hang together in surprisingly durable ways, even in cases where one might have expected the two to come apart. Thus, for example, it is interesting that those incapable of physical suffering (e.g., pain asymbolics and those with severe leprosy) tend to ignore proposed replacement harm signals (say, ringing bell sounds or flashing lights) unless the intensity of these signals is increased to a point that induces genuine suffering: it would appear that signals that fail to induce suffering just do not compel motivationally/rationally in the way that suffering does (Auvray et al. 2010; Brand and Yancey 1993).2 Or, again, it is interesting that canonical descriptions of learned helplessness (e.g., in clinical depression or as a result of uncontrolled stress) involve both a lack of affect and a lack of motivation (Abramson et al. 1978). In a similar vein, it is interesting that cornered prey animals both freeze (stop being compelled to act) and release pain-masking endogenous opioids (thereby presumably mitigating suffering) just at the time when suffering ceases to be adaptively or motivationally useful (Amit and Galina 1986).3
Eating disorders
Published in Quentin Spender, Judith Barnsley, Alison Davies, Jenny Murphy, Primary Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2019
Quentin Spender, Judith Barnsley, Alison Davies, Jenny Murphy
Pervasive refusal syndrome is a very rare condition occurring in girls of 8–14 years who not only stop eating but also stop drinking, walking, talking or caring for themselves. It seems at least sometimes to be an extreme post-traumatic stress reaction to some form of abuse, and can also be understood as a form of learned helplessness.16
The Effects of Trauma on Brain and Body
Published in Mark B. Constantian, Childhood Abuse, Body Shame, and Addictive Plastic Surgery, 2018
The freeze response is the last-resort survival mechanism and can be replicated in the laboratory by exposing animals to inescapable shock. Even when escape later becomes possible, the animals still freeze when shocked instead of fleeing. The same phenomenon occurs in the “learned helplessness” of chronic trauma.21 However, deliberate, “top-down” conscious calming behavior—e.g., recognizing situations as controllable—can decrease amygdalar sensitivity.22 We can still manage our brains.23,24
Health disparities in orthopedic trauma: a qualitative study examining providers’ perspectives on barriers to care and recovery outcomes
Published in Social Work in Health Care, 2023
Jafar Bakhshaie, Nathan S. Fishbein, Emily Woodworth, Nimesha Liyanage, Terence Penn, A. Rani Elwy, Ana-Maria Vranceanu
Providers identified psychological health as another factor impacting orthopedic trauma outcomes. They discussed the role of comorbid mental illness (e.g., depression and anxiety), substance abuse (e.g., alcohol and drugs), and learned helplessness in poor outcome trajectories (Castillo et al., 2019). Previous research has highlighted the impact of comorbid mental illness and substance abuse on treatment adherence and treatment response of patients with orthopedic conditions for both short- and long-term outcomes. Learned helplessness, defined as a behavioral tendency to avoid situations due to repeated failures and perception of lack of control over the environment, is known to be a strong predictor of poor outcomes across many conditions including orthopedic injury (Matkin & Ring, 2019). To address these issues, Level 1 trauma centers may consider organizing services as an “integrated care model” by having mental health professionals available to consult for patients’ mental health needs (Burgess et al., 2021). Other options include training medical providers on effective methods of communicating about mental health issues and referring patient for appropriate mental health care.
Neuroethics in the Shadow of a Pandemic
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2020
Adina L. Roskies, Ashley Walton
There is significant work in social and developmental neuroscience regarding the effects of loss of control. The phenomenon of learned helplessness has been studied in rats and extended to people (Maier and Seligman 2016); it is more severe in cases of loss of control (Yao et al. 2019). Those who have gotten sick have often reported experiencing severe anxiety; many of those who are vulnerable or who have loved ones sick or at risk have as well. Loss of control, and the feelings of anxiety it provokes, lead to an upsurge in stress hormones (Maier and Seligman 2016). The extended nature of this crisis has led to protracted periods of stress for many, and chronic stress has been shown to have a constellation of negative effects, including neural changes, depression and suicidal ideation, obesity, and immune suppression (McEwen 2017).
The Effectiveness of Empowerment Program on Increasing Self-Esteem, Learned Resourcefulness, and Coping Ways in Women Exposed to Domestic Violence
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2018
One of the important steps to recovering from domestic violence is improving the learned resourcefulness levels of abused women. We found that women in the intervention group had significant improvements in learned resourcefulness compared with controls. Lee (2007) proposed a solution-focused approach for abused women. The solution-focused approach focuses on strengths and competencies instead of focusing on problems. Therefore, we targeted strengths in the women to increase the positive sense of self and fighting against violence. Previous studies revealed that learned helplessness was one of the most important problems of abused women. Learned helplessness increased symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (Bargai, Ben-Shakhar, & Shalev, 2007; Palker-Corell & Marcus, 2004; Peterson, 2013). Unfortunately, there are no experimental studies on this subject in the current literature.