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Models and Paradigms for Assessment of Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
In their initial paper on the tail suspension test of antidepressant effect, Steru et al27 noted the essence of the test to be, “a mouse is suspended by the tail from a lever, the movements of the animal being recorded. The total duration of the test can be divided into periods of agitation and immobility.” It was then noted that, “Antidepressant drugs decrease the duration of immobility, as do psychostimulants and atropine. If coupled with measurement of locomotor activity in different conditions, the test can separate the locomotor stimulant doses from antidepressant doses.”
Hemp Oil in the Management of Pain, Inflammation, & Stress *
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
An imbalance of the gut microbiota known as dysbiosis is another threat to the optimal functioning of the endocannabinoid system. A rodent study found that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota led to changes in the endocannabinoid system.31 In this study, researchers administered antimicrobials to mice for two weeks in order to cause dysbiosis. Afterward, the animals were given 109 CFU/day of Lactobacilluscasei DG or a placebo for up to a week. Antimicrobial administration resulted in dysbiosis of the microbiota. At the same time, there was a general inflammatory state and changes in some aspects of the endocannabinoid system in the gut. These changes were accompanied by behavioral alterations, including increased immobility in the tail suspension test (an indicator of depression), as well as biochemical and functional changes in the brain such as neuronal firing in the hippocampus and rearrangements of non-neuronal cells in brain regions controlling emotional behavior. Probiotic intake eliminated most of these changes.
Photobiomodulation Therapy in Orthopedics
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
Ando et al. [118] used the 810 nm wavelength laser parameters from the previous study and varied the pulse modes of the laser in a mouse model of TBI. These modes consisted of either pulsed wave at 10 Hz or at 100 Hz (50 % duty cycle) or continuous wave laser. For the mice, TBI was induced with a controlled cortical impact device via open craniotomy. A single treatment with an 810 nm Ga-Al-As diode laser with a power density of 50 mW/m2 and an energy density of 36 J/cm2was given via tPBM to the closed head in mice for a duration of 12 minutes at 4 hours post CCI. At forty-8 hours to 28 days post TBI, all laser treated groups had significant decreases in the measured neurological severity score (NSS) when compared to the control (Figure 6.9A). Although all laser treated groups had similar NSS improvement rates up to day 7, the PW 10 Hz group began to show greater improvement beyond this point as seen in Figure 6.4. At day 28, the forced swim test for depression and anxiety was used and showed a significant decrease in the immobility time for the PW 10 Hz group. In the tail suspension test which measures depression and anxiety, there was also a significant decrease in the immobility time at day 28, and this time also at day 1, in the PW 10 Hz group.
Toxicological evaluation of ethanolic extract of leaves from Doliocarpus dentatus in Swiss mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Lidiane Schultz Branquinho, Maria Helena Verdan, Elisangela dos Santos, Luis Fernando Benitez Macorini, Rafael Souza Maris, Angela Midori Kuraoka-Oliveira, Flávia Barbieri Bacha, Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso, Arielle Cristina Arena, Saulo Euclides Silva-Filho, Cândida Aparecida Leite Kassuya
Products from natural origins, similar to many medications (Kessing et al.2020), can also have adverse effects, such as a depressive-like behavior. In addition to the toxic potential, the ability of EEDd to induce depression and anxiety-like behavior was investigated. Screening for testing drugs with depressive effects can be conducted through the tail suspension test. In this model, animals are suspended by the tail in an inescapable situation, in which they try to escape through vigorous activity and when they become immobile, they demonstrate a behavioral symptom of despair. Substances that increase the immobility time of animals are known to have depressive effects in humans (Dougnon and Ito 2020). The daily administration of EEDd (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) did not increase the immobility time of the animals, therefore, a depressive-like behavior was not detected. The elevated plus maze and the marble burying tests were performed to assess anxiety and depression-like behavior, which are based on the exposure of the animals to a stressful condition. The elevated plus maze test assesses the aversion behavior of mice when entering an open arena, whereas the test of hiding spheres is based on the tendency of the animal to bury glass balls, since these behaviors are related to anxiety (De Almeida et al. 2012, Zhang et al. 2020). Our results showed that the exposure to EEDd for 28 days did not induce anxiety-like behavior in male and female mice.
Subchronic administration of Parastar insecticide induced behavioral changes and impaired motor coordination in male Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Antoine Kada Sanda, Akono Edouard Nantia, T. F. Pascal Manfo, Romi T. Toboh, Roxane Essame Abende, Sterling Adaibum, Paul Fewou Moundipa, Pierre Kamtchouing
Forced Swimming test and Tail Suspension test are behavioral tests evaluating depression (Porsolt et al. 1977b; Steru et al. 1985). Depression is the state of feeling unhappy without hope or interest and is characterized by apathy, loss of energy, retardation of thinking and activities as well as profound feelings of gloominess, despair and suicidal ideation (Santosh et al. 2011). In the current study Parastar pesticide formulation increased the immobility time in both Forced Swimming and Tail Suspension tests. Immobility is defined as the cessation of all movements (Renard et al. 2003; Roy et al. 2007) by the animal and is interpreted as emotional despair and considered as depression. Therefore, results of these tests reported herein suggest that exposure to Parastar results into depression-like symptoms in the rats. This effect may occur through oxidative stress (Dhir and Kulkarni 2011; Maes et al. 2011; Gawryluk et al. 2011), as several studies have shown the implication of oxidative stress in neurological pathologies such as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, and Parkinson disease) and neuropsychiatric disorders (anxiety disorders and depression) (Maes et al. 2011; Salim 2017).
Alginate nanogels-based thermosensitive hydrogel to improve antidepressant-like effects of albiflorin via intranasal delivery
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Dong Xu, Tao Qiao, Yue Wang, Qiang-Song Wang, Yuan-Lu Cui
A total of 96 mice were randomly divided into eight groups. There are control group (normal saline, intranasal delivery), fluoxetine group (positive drug, 10 mg/kg, gavage), albiflorin solution group (7 mg/kg, gavage, i.g.), albiflorin solution group (1.75 mg/kg, intravenous (i.v.) injection), albiflorin nanogel (0.35 mg/kg calculated by the weight of albiflorin in albiflorin nanogels, intranasal delivery), and albiflorin-NGSTH (0.175, 0.35, and 0.7 mg/kg calculated by the weight of albiflorin in albiflorin nanogels, intranasal delivery). According to our previous methods, the exploratory behavior and locomotor activity of the mice were investigated by behavioral equipment (Multifunctional 256,060 Series, TSE Systems, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany), which included number of rearings, total distance, and activity time of the mice. Tail suspension test (TST) of the mice was further recorded and analyzed by the above behavioral equipment (Xu et al., 2020, 2021).