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Current research on development and adaptation in late life
Published in Peter G. Coleman, Ann O’Hanlon, Aging and Development, 2017
Peter G. Coleman, Ann O’Hanlon
The research on institutional care conducted by Langer and Rodin in the 1970s and 1980s, described in the previous chapter, emphasised the benefits of residents retaining a sense of control. Deci and Ryan (2000, p. 233ff) describe four types of behaviour that vary along a continuum of self-determination. ‘Intrinsically motivated’ behaviour is carried out for the pleasure and satisfaction derived from the performance. ‘Extrinsically motivated but self-determined’ behaviour is performed to receive some benefit or avoid some ill, but not because the activity is intrinsically rewarding. ‘Extrinsically motivated non-self-determined’ behaviour on the other hand is externally determined. Finally ‘amotivated’ behaviour lacks any sense of awareness of contingency between behaviour and outcomes. O’Connor and Vallerand’s research work on nursing homes in Montreal is one of the few examples of applications of SDT theory to the experience of aging. They used the above definitions to develop indicators of ‘motivational style’. Although these four measures displayed no significant correlations with age or physical health, they all correlated strongly with indices of psychological adjustment, comprising self-esteem, depression, life satisfaction, existential meaning in life, intrinsic motivation and self-determined extrinsic motivation both relating positively, non-self-determined extrinsic motivation and amotivation both relating negatively (O’Connor and Vallerand, 1994).
Topic 4 Child Psychiatry
Published in Melvyn W.B. Zhang, Cyrus S.H. Ho, Roger C.M. Ho, Basant K. Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn W.B. Zhang, Cyrus S.H. Ho, Roger C.M. Ho, Basant K. Puri
There might be the presence of negative symptoms such as the following: Blunted affectAmotivationIsolation and social withdrawalThere might be the presence of cognitive symptoms such as the following: Deterioration in academic, work and social functioning and self-careReduced attention and concentrationThere may be general symptoms such as the following: Sleep disturbances, usually with initial insomniaIrritabilityDepressed moodPoor hygiene
Medical Consequences of the Use of Cocaine and Other Stimulants
Published in John Brick, Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
Long thought not to occur, a triphasic abstinence syndrome observed in outpatients following chronic cocaine abuse has been described. Phase one of the withdrawal involves the “crash” of mood and energy following cocaine binge cessation. It is marked by dysphoria, anxiety, depression, and profound exhaustion, and may last for days. Cocaine craving is also typical. The crash is thought to reflect acute neurotransmitter depletion caused by cocaine. Following the crash, phase two, or cocaine withdrawal ensues. In contrast to the withdrawal associated with many other abused drugs, with cocaine there are no gross physiological alterations. However, significant dysphoria, anhedonia, and amotivation are noted. Memories of cocaine euphoria may prompt the individual to reuse cocaine. Finally, phase three (extinction) occurs, which may last years, in which anhedonia and further craving may prompt reuse (Gawin and Kleber, 1986). It must be noted that additional inpatient studies on cocaine withdrawal did not reveal distinct phases, but a gradually resolving dysphoria. It is currently thought that the characteristics of withdrawal differ from an outpatient to inpatient setting and may rest with the presence or absence of triggering cues that can prompt cravings (Weddington, 1993; Withers et al., 1995).
Evaluation of a mandatory theory-based physical activity course on motivation among predominantly Hispanic college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Heather Barton-Weston, Wei-Ju Chen, David Fike, Randall Griffiths, Gregory Soukup, Lei-Shih Chen
Motivation has been identified as a key factor in PA participation.17,18 Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is defined as “a general theory of human motivation that emphasizes the extent to which behaviors are relatively autonomous (i.e., the extent to which behaviors originate from the self) versus relatively controlled (i.e., the extent to which behaviors are pressured or coerced by intrapsychic or interpersonal forces).”19(p2) This theory has been widely used in research on PA motivation.20 SDT identifies five motivation constructs: amotivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, introjected regulation, and identified regulation (the definitions of these constructs are summarized in Table 1). For example, amotivation is a state of absent interest in PA due to lack of perceived competence, control of the outcome, and/or value of PA. In contrast, intrinsic motivation refers to exercising or engaging in PA for personal pleasure and/or satisfaction.17,21–23
Does motivation mediate the relationship between competence perceptions and patient outcomes among individuals with chronic low back pain? A multiple mediation analysis
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Leslie Podlog, Ryan Burns, James A. Dimmock, Ben Jackson, Morgan S. Hall, Julie M. Fritz
Consistent with past research demonstrating higher levels of autonomous (versus controlled) motivation among individuals undertaking specific behavior changes such as weight loss [16] and exercise [17], we first hypothesized that participants in the current study would indicate higher levels of autonomous motivation (relative to controlled motivation or amotivation) for undertaking physical therapy. This prediction was also based on our reasoning that if participants were voluntarily undertaking physical therapy, such motivations would be reflective of autonomous motives. In line with past research in rehabilitation [13–15] and exercise settings [17], we also predicted that competence perceptions would have a negative relationship with pain and disability (hypothesis 2); that competence would have a positive relationship with autonomous motivation and negative relationships with controlled motivation and amotivation (hypothesis 3); and that autonomous motivation would have negative relationships with pain and disability, while controlled motivation and amotivation would have positive relationships with pain and disability (hypothesis 4). Finally, we anticipated that the relationship between competence perceptions and patient outcomes would be mediated by autonomous motivation, but not by controlled motivation or amotivation. This hypothesis was based on previous research demonstrating the mediating role of autonomous motivation in the relationship between need satisfaction and health behaviors such as exercise [17].
Simulation-based skills training in non-performing orthopedic surgeons: skills acquisition, motivation, and flow during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2020
Leif Rune Hedman, Li Felländer-Tsai
Self-determination theory (SDT) claims that when the basic needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are satisfied, personal well-being and social development are optimized (Deci and Ryan 2000). In this condition individuals are intrinsically motivated, able to fulfill their potential, and able to seek out progressively greater challenges. The intrinsic types of motivation are the most self-determined and are performed for the satisfaction gained from the activity. Extrinsic motivation lies at the lower end of the self-determination scale. The extrinsic motivation types ranging from most self-determined to least self-determined are: identified regulation; introjected regulation; and external regulation. Amotivation is characterized by the absence of motivation. The different types of motivation postulated by SDT have proved to be meaningful in order to predict the level of engagement in a variety of life domains. Research has shown that there is a strong positive correlation between intrinsic motivation and good work performance (Deci and Ryan op.cit).