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Psychological Aspects of Trauma
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
Unless the patient remains in hospital for over a month, most trauma staff will not see cases of PTSD because its core symptoms are deemed ‘normal’ unless they continue beyond this time. The core symptoms are also seen in the acute stress reaction, namely, intrusive phenomena (flashbacks, memories and nightmares); avoidant behaviour (of reminders of the trauma), and hyperarousal, usually accompanied by hypervigilance.
Pet problems
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
In the clinical literature the distinction is drawn between acute stress and chronic stress. Acute stress may be thought of as a normal physical and psychological reaction to a highly aversive event, such as an accident, a bereavement, or a threat to the person. The acute stress reaction takes place immediately or within hours of the event. The individual's initial state of shock and disorientation is followed either by withdrawal from the situation or by agitation and symptoms of panic such as tachycardia and perspiration. In some cases, partial or complete amnesia for the episode may occur. The acute stress reaction subsides and expires within hours or days of the stressful event. In contrast, a chronic stress reaction may result when the acute stress does not dissipate or if the cause of the stress remains present. The unmitigated combination of acute and chronic stress may culminate in post-traumatic stress disorder (Bryant et al., 2017).
Navigating treatment recommendations for PTSD: A rapid review
Published in International Journal of Mental Health, 2023
In 2010, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) published a Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Post-Traumatic Stress and Acute Stress Reaction (VA/DoD, 2010), which was recently updated in 2017 (VA/DoD, 2017). The updated guidelines are designed “to facilitate understanding of the clinical decision making process used in management of PTSD” (p. 27) including diagnostic assessment and therapeutic decision making for both psychopharmacological and psychosocial preventions and treatments. In summary, they recommended for individual, manualized trauma-focused therapies (i.e., prolonged exposure, cognitive processing therapy, EMDR, CBT, and narrative exposure therapy) as the first line of treatment, and if not available, they recommended the use of non-trauma focused therapy (i.e., stress inoculation training, present-centered therapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy). If the two options are unavailable, insufficient evidence to recommend for or against therapies (i.e., dialectical behavioral therapy, skills training in affect and interpersonal regulation, acceptance and commitment therapy, seeking safety, and supportive counseling) were recommended.
The effect of stillbirth and late termination of pregnancy on the emergence of post-traumatic symptoms among attending medical personnel
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Adi Borovich, Jonathan E. Handelzalts, Sigal Levy, Karin Rafenberg, Liat Borovich, Sarah Dollinger, Yoav Peled, Daniel I. Nassie, Haim Krissi
A traumatic event is regarded as an extraordinary event that impairs one’s normal ability to adjust to life events. These events are usually a result of either a life threating event or a close encounter with death and violence which confronts the individual with feelings of helplessness (Herman 2015). The psychological reaction may vary between individuals. Some may experience an acute stress reaction (ASR) (APA 2013), which is a normal, temporary reaction, that is usually accompanied with both psychological and autonomic symptoms (anxiety, panic and flashbacks). ASR usually resolves within hours or days. If this reaction lingers on for more than a month, the individual may be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is defined as a disorder that develops in response to an event associated that elicited real or perceived threat of death or physical harm to the person or to others, with four clusters of symptoms characterising the disorder: re-experiencing aspects of the event, persistent avoidance of reminders of the event, negative cognitions and mood, and hyperarousal (APA 2013). While the initial research began with ex-combatant patients, it is now recognised that PTSD can develop following any traumatic event, such as earthquakes (Lai et al. 2004; Dell'Osso et al. 2011), sexual abuse (Herman 2015; Hébert et al. 2016), childbirth (Handelzalts et al. 2021) as well as other traumatic events.
Preparing Soldiers to Manage Acute Stress in Combat: Acceptability, Knowledge and Attitudes
Published in Psychiatry, 2022
Amy B. Adler, Ian A. Gutierrez
Individuals operating in high-stress occupations may experience an acute stress reaction (ASR) or transient intense autonomic symptoms of anxiety and cognitive disruption that result in the individual’s inability to function during or immediately following a potentially traumatic event (World Health Organization, 2018). In high-stress occupations like policing, firefighting, and the military, individuals who are unable to function as a result of an ASR may endanger themselves and their team members. Experiencing an ASR may also place individuals at greater risk for developing an acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; e.g., Solomon et al., 2005, 1987; Zohar et al., 2009), although research has not established this link empirically. In contrast to ASRs, acute stress disorder is defined by clinical symptoms that are present 3–30 days after exposure to a traumatic event, and PTSD is defined by clinical symptoms that last more than 30 days following exposure to a traumatic event (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Although reliable estimates of the incidence of ASRs have not been established, surveys have found that more than 40% of soldiers reported witnessing acute stress in unit members during combat (Adler, Svetlitzky et al., 2020).