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Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski
This text is based in research around how trauma can lead to additional psychiatric and substance use disorders. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder are the two most common anxiety disorders in this section. Reactive attachment disorder in young children is due to trauma, abuse, and changes in caregivers. Posttraumatic stress disorder is characterized by directly experiencing, witnessing, learning about, or experiencing extreme exposure to traumatic and life-threatening events (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These experiences lead to intrusive symptoms of involuntary and recurring distressing memories of the event(s), recurring dreams and nightmares about the event(s), dissociative reactions, intense and prolonged psychological distress at both external and internal triggers that resemble an aspect of the traumatic event being activated, with marked physiological reactions to those cues. The individual persistently avoids external reminders and distressing memories with increasing negative alterations in cognition and mood, along with marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event. Symptoms have lasted longer than a month (pp. 271–275). Acute stress disorder is similar to PTSD but is diagnosed if the symptoms occur three days to one month after the trauma occurred (pp. 280–281).
What to listen for: trauma
Published in Barry Bub, Communication Skills that Heal, 2020
There is relatively little in the medical literature indicating that both healthcare professionals and patients when exposed to sudden severe trauma may experience Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) or Reaction (ASR) – reminiscent of victims of serious accident, assault, war, or terrorism.
Psychological Disorders
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Acute and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma and stressor-related disorder that develops in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma. Extreme traumas are events that produce intense feelings of horror and helplessness, such as a serious physical injury or threat of injury to self or to loved ones. Acute stress disorder typically occurs within one month of a traumatic event. It lasts at least three days and can persist for up to one month after exposure to trauma. Acute and post-traumatic stress disorder can develop in survivors of military combat and other sorts of extreme traumas, such as natural disasters, physical or sexual assault, or terrorist attacks (McNally, 2003). Rescue workers, relief workers, and emergency service personnel can also develop PTSD symptoms (Eriksson et al., 2001). Witnessing the injury or death of others can be sufficiently traumatic to develop these disorders.
Brain Environment Interactions: Stress, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and the Need for a Postmortem Brain Collection
Published in Psychiatry, 2022
Elizabeth Osuch, Robert Ursano, He Li, Maree Webster, Chris Hough, Carol Fullerton, Gregory Leskin
Several psychiatric disorders are thought to arise, at least in part, from exposure to traumatic events: Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), PTSD, Depression, and Adjustment Disorder. Substance use and bipolar disorder are also affected by environmental and developmental events (De Bernardo et al., 2002; Diaz, Simantov, and Rickert, 2002; Dube et al., 2002; Dube et al., 2003; Hyun, Friedman, and Dunner, 2000; Leverich et al., 2003; Leverich et al., 2002; Post et al., 2001; Simpson and Miller, 2002) as well as by genetic predisposition (Itokawa et al., 2003; McGuffin et al., 2003; Ni et al., 2002; Potash et al., 2003). However, PTSD is the only enduring mental illness defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual to include an environmental event in its diagnostic criteria (DSM–IV, 1994). ASD is often the prelude to the more long–lasting PTSD and, therefore, may represent the early changes associated with exposure to traumatic stress. These disorders are thus an important focus for examining the impact of the environment on psychiatric disease.
Preparing Soldiers to Manage Acute Stress in Combat: Acceptability, Knowledge and Attitudes
Published in Psychiatry, 2022
Amy B. Adler, Ian A. Gutierrez
Individuals operating in high-stress occupations may experience an acute stress reaction (ASR) or transient intense autonomic symptoms of anxiety and cognitive disruption that result in the individual’s inability to function during or immediately following a potentially traumatic event (World Health Organization, 2018). In high-stress occupations like policing, firefighting, and the military, individuals who are unable to function as a result of an ASR may endanger themselves and their team members. Experiencing an ASR may also place individuals at greater risk for developing an acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; e.g., Solomon et al., 2005, 1987; Zohar et al., 2009), although research has not established this link empirically. In contrast to ASRs, acute stress disorder is defined by clinical symptoms that are present 3–30 days after exposure to a traumatic event, and PTSD is defined by clinical symptoms that last more than 30 days following exposure to a traumatic event (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Although reliable estimates of the incidence of ASRs have not been established, surveys have found that more than 40% of soldiers reported witnessing acute stress in unit members during combat (Adler, Svetlitzky et al., 2020).
Variation in trauma-related behavioral effects using a preclinical rat model of three predator exposure stress
Published in Stress, 2022
Emily Scott, Matthew May, Gabriella Silva, Rachel Taylor, Nicole Fenlon, Emily Lowery-Gionta, Liana Matson
Traumatic stress exposure can result in Acute Stress Reactions (ASRs), Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), and/or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) diagnosis (APA, 2013; WHO, 1993). The symptom classification criteria for ASR include transient emotional, cognitive, somatic, and behavioral symptoms presenting immediately and lasting up to 30 days, while ASD and PTSD classifications include symptom domains of intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal presenting 3–30 days or over 30 days following trauma exposure, respectively. Adler and Svetlitzky (Adler et al., 2020) reported that 45% of Soldiers observed team members who exhibited symptoms of an ASR during combat. Of individuals exposed to trauma, 7–28% develop ASD and 4–38% develop PTSD (Bryant et al., 2012; Kessler et al., 1995; Milliken et al., 2007; Scofield et al., 2017). Acute and chronic trauma-related symptoms are prevalent following trauma exposure and detrimental to daily functioning.