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Pet problems
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
In the clinical literature the distinction is drawn between acute stress and chronic stress. Acute stress may be thought of as a normal physical and psychological reaction to a highly aversive event, such as an accident, a bereavement, or a threat to the person. The acute stress reaction takes place immediately or within hours of the event. The individual's initial state of shock and disorientation is followed either by withdrawal from the situation or by agitation and symptoms of panic such as tachycardia and perspiration. In some cases, partial or complete amnesia for the episode may occur. The acute stress reaction subsides and expires within hours or days of the stressful event. In contrast, a chronic stress reaction may result when the acute stress does not dissipate or if the cause of the stress remains present. The unmitigated combination of acute and chronic stress may culminate in post-traumatic stress disorder (Bryant et al., 2017).
Support services
Published in Janet Thomas, Understanding and Supporting Professional Carers, 2021
The first contact between client and counsellor is usually made by telephone. An assessment of the problem may be made over the telephone or in a face-to-face interview. Most EAPs aim to offer access to a counsellor by telephone during working hours, and sometimes a 24-hour service is offered. Helpful intervention for acute stress can be provided in this way. The counsellor who answers the helpline will make an assessment of the problem presented by the client, and can often provide telephone counselling there and then. Follow-up appointments for telephone counselling may be offered on a regular basis, or if the assessment shows that face-to-face counselling is more appropriate, arrangements are made for this. A database of associate counsellors around the country enables the EAP provider to match the client with a counsellor with relevant experience in a convenient location.
Mental, emotional and spiritual health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Sally Robinson, Athene Lane-Martin
Stress is a natural physical and emotional reaction that helps to keep people alert and protect them from danger. Symptoms of acute stress include rapid breathing, trembling, awareness of the heart beating rapidly, muscle tension, sweating and gastrointestinal discomfort. These symptoms relate to the body’s readiness to ‘fight, flight or freeze’. The body activates its sympathetic nervous system, the heart rate and blood pressure rise, and the body produces a surge in adrenaline and cortisol. After the event, the body activates its parasympathetic nervous system to return the body back to rest and its normal functions.
Stress and social isolation, and its relationship to cardiovascular risk in young adults with intellectual disability
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Clara C. Zwack, Rachael McDonald, Ainura Tursunalieva, Shradha Vasan, Gavin W. Lambert, Elisabeth A. Lambert
Broadly speaking there are two kinds of stress, each with different physiological and psychological effects. Acute stress is when stress is experienced for a short period of time- for example an argument with a loved one, being stuck in a traffic jam or receiving criticism from an employer. Chronic stress results from repeated exposure to stressors such as a relationship break-down, job strain [15]1, loneliness and social isolation. Long-term chronic exposure to stress has been related to a 40–60% excess risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) [16]. Stress produces many physiological changes, some of which may contribute to the development of CVD. Stress reactivity to everyday events activates both the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), sympathoadrenal (SA) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. This in turn leads to mobilisation of stored energy, increased heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction, and multiple other physiological effects [17].
Acute stress and human spatial working memory strategy use
Published in Stress, 2023
Robyn A. Husa, Tony W. Buchanan, Brenda A. Kirchhoff
Research examining acute stress effects on working memory has shown that stress can impair working memory (see Shields et al., 2016 for a meta-analytic review), although null (Kuhlmann et al., 2005) and enhancing effects (Cornelisse et al., 2011) have also been reported. Self-initiated strategies play an important role in working memory task performance. For example, serial recall accuracy during operation and reading span tasks is significantly greater when resource-demanding memory strategies highly reliant on cognitive control (sentence, imagery, grouping) are used than when less resource-demanding memory strategies with relatively low reliance on cognitive control (reading, repetition) (Bailey et al., 2008, 2011; Dunlosky & Kane, 2007) are used. Prior research suggests that acute stress exposure can lead to a switch from highly resource-demanding to lower resource-demanding cognitive control strategies (Plessow et al., 2012; Steinhauser et al., 2007). Therefore, acute stress could decrease use of resource-demanding working memory strategies highly reliant on cognitive control.
A combination of green tea, rhodiola, magnesium and B vitamins modulates brain activity and protects against the effects of induced social stress in healthy volunteers
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Neil Bernard Boyle, Jac Billington, Clare Lawton, Frits Quadt, Louise Dye
Existing evidence of the capacity of Mg, B vitamins, green tea and rhodiola to moderate the cascade of physiological and psychological responses activated under condition of stress creates a strong case to examine the efficacy of these ingredients administered in combination to offer synergistic functional benefits above those shown in isolation. The capacity of rhodiola and green tea to acutely affect stress responses suggests the synergistic contribution of these ingredients are most worthy of exploration. Further, given emerging evidence of the capacity of rhodiola and green tea to acutely modulate neurophysiological processes, the effects of the combined treatment on oscillatory EEG activity associated with a relaxed state is of primary interest. This randomised, placebo controlled trial assessed the functional efficacy of Mg (combined B vitamins), green tea and rhodiola administered in combination to acutely moderate the effects of laboratory stress exposure on EEG oscillatory brain activity during the rested state. The capacity of the combined treatment to attenuate the effects of stress exposure on subjective, autonomic and endocrine responses was also assessed. The fully combined treatment was compared to placebo, and Mg (+B vitamins) combined with either rhodiola or green tea in isolation. The combined treatment was expected to offer greater functional benefit above and beyond the comparison treatments under acute stress provocation.