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Pet problems
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
In humans, a phobia is a deep fear, typically manifest as a panic attack, triggered by the presence of a specific situation or entity. Common phobias include fear of heights (acrophobia), enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), and flying (aerophobia). There are also phobias associated with everyday animals such as cats (ailurophobia), dogs (cynophobia), and spiders (arachnophobia); with the less commonly encountered animals such as snakes (ophidiophobia) and ladybirds (coccinellidaephobia); and with the more exotic such as elephants (pachydermophobia) and bears (arkoudaphobia).
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): From Case Law to Case Management and Life Care Planning Practice
Published in Roger O. Weed, Debra E. Berens, Life Care Planning and Case Management Handbook, 2018
In 2011, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals had issued two decisions interpreting the broader provisions of the ADAAA. In one case, a bridge worker's acrophobia was a disability under the law. The Court determined that a bridge worker's request that other employees substitute for him when called upon to work 25 feet in an extreme position was a reasonable accommodation. In another case, the Seventh Circuit upheld a jury award for almost $2 million that a teacher with seasonal affective disorder was a qualified individual with a disability. The teacher made numerous requests for a room with windows, but the school district failed to accommodate her request.
Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Vestibular Disorders
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Julius Bourke, Georgia Jackson, Gerald Libby
SMD therefore refers to situationally specific vestibular symptoms occurring with anxiety and ultimately resulting in phobic avoidance. A questionnaire measure for SMD has been successful in identifying vestibular dysfunction across five groups (panic disorder, agoraphobia with panic disorder, other anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder and healthy controls), with the highest frequency of vestibular dysfunction and SMD being in patients with agoraphobia with panic disorder.16 In support of this, most studies, although not all, have found a high incidence of abnormalities on vestibular function tests in panic disorder, especially those with agoraphobia.17 SMD is therefore common in anxiety disorders and its presence predicts vestibular dysfunction. Jacob et al. have subsequently suggested that the absence of panic disorder or acrophobia (a fear of heights) reduces the probability of peripheral vestibular dysfunction and that, where this dysfunction is present, it is likely to complicate the phenomenology of anxiety disorders.18
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy as a Treatment Method Against Anxiety Disorders and Depression-A Structured Literature Review
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Omar Hawajri, Jennifer Lindberg, Sakari Suominen
The results in this theme show that VRET is well-functioning as a treatment method for agoraphobia and other phobias. However, this is not surprising given that these diseases are traditionally treated with exposure therapy (Pitti et al., 2015). Stimuli for fear and panic in phobias are often quite apparent, e.g., crowds in agoraphobia or being at high places in acrophobia. Phobias make it possible to recreate a stimulus in a virtual environment and thus also likely to carry out a virtual exposure treatment with the patient. Therefore, it is perhaps not surprising that phobias are the most explored area using VRET as a treatment method (Pitti et al., 2015). The same logic also includes exposure therapy for social anxiety; in several studies, different social situations are recreated, creating stress reactions in the treatment. Upon exposure, many patients showed the same responses as they had shown in an actual social situation (Kishimoto & Ding, 2019; Zainal et al., 2021), which showed that VR technology has succeeded in recreating the anxiety-triggering factor (corresponding stimuli) in a realistic way.
Virtual Reality in Art Therapy: A Pilot Qualitative Study of the Novel Medium and Implications for Practice
Published in Art Therapy, 2020
Girija Kaimal, Katrina Carroll-Haskins, Marygrace Berberian, Abby Dougherty, Natalie Carlton, Arun Ramakrishnan
Researchers have examined VR in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders (Felnhofer, Hlavacs, Beutl, Kryspin-Exner, & Kothgassner, 2019; Ferrer-Garcia et al., 2019; Freeman et al., 2017). Prominent areas include exposure therapy and pain distraction (Mosso Vázquez et al., 2019; Rizzo, 2015). VR exposure therapies have been found to effectively address acrophobia (Emmelcamp et al., 2002), animal phobias (Morina, Ijntema, Meyerbroker, & Emmelkamp, 2015; Suso-Ribera et al., 2019; Tardif, Therrien, & Bouchard, 2019), symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (Botella, Serrano, Baños, & Garcia-Palacios, 2015; Rizzo, Hartholt, Grimani, Leeds, & Liewer, 2014; Weir, 2018), and paranoid delusions (Freeman et al., 2016; Riches et al., 2019).
Clinical Results Using Virtual Reality
Published in Journal of Technology in Human Services, 2019
Albert Rizzo, Sebastian Thomas Koenig, Thomas B. Talbot
From this starting point, a body of literature evolved that suggested that the use of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) was effective. Case studies in the 1990s initially documented the successful use of VR in the treatment of fear of flying (Rothbaum, Hodges, Watson, Kessler, & Opdyke, 1996; Rothbaum, Hodges, & Smith, 1999), claustrophobia (Botella et al., 1998), acrophobia (Rothbaum et al., 1995), and spider phobia (Carlin, Hoffman, & Weghorst, 1997). For example, in an early wait list controlled study, VRET was used to treat the fear of heights, exposing patients to virtual footbridges, virtual balconies, and a virtual elevator (Rothbaum et al., 1995). Patients were encouraged to spend as much time in each situation as needed for their anxiety to decrease and were allowed to progress at their own pace. The therapist was able to view on a computer monitor what the participant was being exposed to in the virtual environment and, therefore, was able to comment appropriately. Results showed that anxiety, avoidance, and distress decreased significantly from pretreatment to posttreatment for the VRE group but not for the wait list control group. The average anxiety ratings decreased steadily across sessions, indicating habituation for those participants in treatment. Furthermore, seven of the 10 VRE treatment completers exposed themselves to height situations in real life during treatment although they were not specifically instructed to do.