China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Other Double-Stranded RNA Viruses
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
This family involves 2 genera, Amalgavirus and Zybavirus, and 10 species. The family members possess monosegmented double-stranded RNA genome of 3.5 kb. The nine species of the genus Amalgavirus are associated with plants, while the only currently accepted zybavirus species Zygosaccharomyces bailii virus Z was isolated from the yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii (Depierreux et al. 2016). Other possible representatives could be associated with microsporidians and animals. Interestingly, the family name derives from amalgam that refers to amalgaviruses that were originally regarded as possessing typical characteristics of both partitiviruses and totiviruses (Martin et al. 2011; Krupovic et al. 2015).
Preservative Resistance
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Preservative resistance is an established phenomenon that occurs when a microorganism becomes largely unaffected and resistant to the antimicrobial activity (e.g., cidal and/or static) of a preservative which will no longer be able to control the survival and proliferation of a microorganism in a product formulation. The development of resistance to the antimicrobial activity of preservatives is not a new problem. It has been a well-known fact for many years in the food and beverage industry that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii can become resistant to the antimicrobial activity of organic acid preservatives such as benzoic acid and sorbic acid (1,2). In the cosmetic industry, there are many literature reports of bacteria becoming resistant to the antimicrobial activity to the following types of cosmetic and personal care preservatives: quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) (3), p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (4), imidazolidinyl urea (5), methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCIT)/methylisothiazolinone (MIT), dimethylol dimethyl (DMDM) hydantoin, dibromodicycanobutane (DBCB), glutaraldehyde, parabens (6), phenoxyethanol (6), chlorhexidine diacetate (7), and combinations of DMDM hydantoin/iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) and DMDM hydantoin/IBPC/MCIT/MIT (8).
Biomedical applications of yeasts - a patent view, part two: era of humanized yeasts and expanded applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Farzin Roohvand, Parastoo Ehsani, Meghdad Abdollahpour-Alitappeh, Mehdi Shokri, Niloufar Kossari
In general, the antimicrobial and probiotic characteristics of yeasts are defined through their antagonistic and inhibitory activities against other unwanted bacteria or yeasts that are principally attributed to: i) struggle for food and nutrients, ii) acidification of the medium, iii) pathogen-binding and anti-toxin effects and iv) ethanol production and secretion of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties such as antimycotic (antifungal) killer toxins, also known as ‘mycocins.’ Mycocins are extra-chromosomal encoded (mostly by double-stranded RNA) glycoproteins which disrupt cell membrane integrity in susceptible fungi [120]. Mycocins are the most recognized form of yeast-against-yeast antagonism and their application against human and animal fungal infections received considerable attention. In this context, the killer toxin produced by Williopsis mrakii [121] or Zygosaccharomyces bailii (so-called ‘zygocin’) [122] was reported to have killing effects against a wide range of pathogenic fungi and Candida strains [123].