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Metabolic Syndrome
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
As well as high triglycerides and low HDL, metabolic syndrome features increases LDL particles with elevated apolipoprotein B cholesterol levels. The small size of the LDL and HDL particles is mostly due to presentation of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles to increased liver lipase activity. The VLDL particles are rich in triglycerides. This causes formation of additional small, dense LDL and HDL particles. Increased atherogenesis is linked to increased amounts of smaller, denser LDL particles. Their small size allows penetration of the arterial endothelium along with entry into the subendothelial space. Here, the particles are easily oxidized. If they are glycosylated, they are more easily picked up by macrophage scavenger receptors, beginning and allowing atherogenesis.
Lipoprotein lipase deficiency/type I hyperlipoproteinemia
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
Lipoprotein electrophoresis yields a characteristic chylomicron band at the origin. The type I pattern can be demonstrated by electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation as consisting exclusively, or nearly so, of chylomicrons (Table 86.1). The very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) are normal or slightly increased and the LDL and HDL are usually depressed. Treatment with a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet usually leads, as chylomicrons fall, to an increase toward normal of LDL and increased levels of VLDL, but those of HDL remain low. The diagnosis of type I hyperlipoproteinemia is often confirmed by the elimination of fat from the diet, after which the chylomicrons disappear from the blood within a few days and triglyceride concentrations fall to 200–400 mg/dL. Most pediatric patients with hyperchylomicronemia have type I hyperlipoproteinemia. Most patients with type V are adults. However, childhood type V hyperlipoproteinemia has been reported [32], and patients with classic lipoprotein lipase deficiency sometimes have a type V pattern with time. Incubation of plasma in 3 percent polyvinylpyrrolidone will separate chylomicrons from other lipoproteins and is thus useful for the diagnosis of hyperchylomicronemia.
Atherosclerosis
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
VLDL or pre-β-lipoproteins contain a large amount of triglycerides;35,367,401,508,552 with a protein content of 8 to 10% and 90 to 92% lipids. The total lipid in VLDL is divided into total cholesterol 20%, triglycerides 50% and phospholipids 18%. In VLDL the free cholesterol: cholesterol ester ratio is higher than in any other lipoproteins. The main phospholipid is lecithin. Variations have been found in the amount of phospholipids, probably related to sex differences.
Ezetimibe attenuates experimental diabetes and renal pathologies via targeting the advanced glycation, oxidative stress and AGE-RAGE signalling in rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Rabia Nabi, Sahir Sultan Alvi, Arunim Shah, Chandra P. Chaturvedi, Mohammad Faisal, Abdulrahman A. Alatar, Saheem Ahmad, M. Salman Khan
Plasma TC level was estimated by using Cholesterol LiquiCHEKTM enzymatic kit from AGAPPE, India. Briefly, 10 µl of plasma was mixed with 1000 µl of working reagent and incubated at 37ºC for 10 min and absorbance was read at 505 nm (Alvi et al.2017b). Similarly, TG level was estimated by using Triglycerides LiquiCHEKTM enzymatic kit from AGAPPE, India. Briefly, 10 µl of plasma was mixed with 1000 µl of working reagent and incubated at 37 °C for 5 min and absorbance of the coloured product was read at 546 nm (Alvi et al.2017a). On the other hand, HDL-C level was estimated by using Autospan Reagents, Span Diagnostics, Gujarat, India. The level of very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) was calculated by dividing plasma TG values (mg/dl) by 5 as described previously (Friedewald et al.1972). Plasma LDL-C was isolated and quantified according to the standard methods described elsewhere (Alvi et al.2017b; Wieland and Seidel 1983). Non-HDL-C level was calculated by subtracting the HDL-C from TC (Alvi et al.2017a, 2017b).
Vitamin E for the management of major depressive disorder: possible role of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant systems
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Luana M. Manosso, Anderson Camargo, Alcir L. Dafre, Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
Because vitamin E is fat-soluble, its intestinal absorption depends on bile salts and pancreatic secretion [15]. As a result, micelles are formed, which can be absorbed and transported through cellular membranes by passive diffusion in the enterocytes [16]. However, it has also been shown that vitamin E absorption is mediated, at least in part, by cholesterol membrane transporters including the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), CD36 molecule (CD36), NPC1-like transporter 1 (NPC1L1), and ATP-binding cassettes A1 and G1 (ABCA1 and ABCG1) [17,18]. Within the enterocytes, vitamin E is esterified and then incorporated into the chylomicrons. The chylomicrons pass through the lymphatic vessels and rapidly flow into blood vessels, and then, the enzyme lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes triacylglycerols from the surface of the chylomicron. During this process, some vitamin E is transferred to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and vitamin E that was not transferred remains in the chylomicron remnant [16,18]. When the chylomicron remnants reach the liver, α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) binds to α-tocopherol, separating it from the chylomicron remnant and then α-tocopherol is packaged along with apolipoproteins and triacylglycerols into very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). VLDL is transported through the bloodstream and broken down by lipoprotein lipases in the peripheral cell endothelium and transformed into lipoprotein particles (high-density – HDL, low-density – LDL, and very-low-density – VLDL remnants). Thus, α-tocopherol may return to the liver or is delivered to target cells [19,20].
Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of catechol derivatives and biflavonoid isolated from Semecarpus anacardium seeds
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Ramalingam Sundaram, Karuppiah Muthu, Palanivelu Shanthi, Panchanatham Sachdanandam
Increased plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride is accompanied by elevated levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). It is also widely accepted that an elevated plasma level of LDL-C and VLDL-C is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (Berliner and Heinecke 1996). The levels of HDL-C are thought to reflect the rate of removal of excess peripheral cholesterol and raised levels are thereby associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis. In the present study, the plasma levels of LDL-C were significantly decreased and the levels of HDL-C were significantly increased in animals receiving the high- fat diet additionally supplemented with catechol derivatives I–IV, biflavonoid and simvastatin. Biflavonoid was found to be better effect in correcting the altered lipoproteins levels to normal states than the catechol derivatives I–IV.