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Dyslipidemia
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) are rich in triglycerides, and are produced by the liver. They are similar to chylomicrons in size, also varying based on the amount of triglyceride being carried. With increased triglyceride production in the liver, the secreted VLDL particles are larger. The IDL are VLDL remnants. Removal of triglycerides from VLDL is done by the adipose tissue and muscle tissue. Lipoprotein (α) is an LDL particle with apolipoprotein (α) attached to Apo B-100 with a disulfide bond. The apolipoproteins play a structural role, serve as ligands for lipoprotein receptors, regulate formation of lipoproteins, and are important activators or inhibitors of enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus are related to plasma lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities, increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease.
Phytotherapeutic Potential For the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Muhammad Akram, Atanu Bhattacharjee, Naveed Munir, Naheed Akhter, Fozia Anjum, Abida Parveen, Samreen Gul Khan, Muhammad Daniyal, Muhammad Riaz, Fahad Said Khan, Rumaisa Ansari, Umme Laila
Apolipoprotein E is also a causative agent in the development of AD. Different form of apolipoprotein E are present, like apolipoproteins E2, 3, and 4. Glial cells of the brain, which are also called astrocytes, produce these proteins. The risk of developing AD is greater in the presence of higher apolipoprotein E4 concentrations (Aaronson, Van Den Eeden et al. 2017). If the level of this protein increases, then the probability of death is also increased (Harris, Brecht et al. 2003). AD is also associated with E693G mutations in a gene encoding an amyloid precursor protein (Nilsberth, Westlind-Danielsson et al. 2001). Furthermore, AD is caused by oxidative stress because, in this situation, demand by the brain for oxygen is increased (Butterfield and Lauderback 2002). AD is also associated with some pathogens like Chlamydia pneumoniae, which enter the brain tissue and damage brain cells (Harris, Brecht et al. 2003). AD is more common in females, smokers, obese people, patients with high blood pressure or a high level of cholesterol, whereas previous trauma, changes in sleep pattern, and Down syndrome can all increase the risk of AD (Simonson 2018).
Features of Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus and Ischemic Heart Disease
Published in E.I. Sokolov, Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus, 2020
Apolipoproteins play an important role in lipid metabolism and ensure three very important biochemical reactions: (i) they help, by reacting with phospholipids, to solubilize the esters of cholesterol and triglycerides, (ii) they regulate the biochemical reactions of lipoproteins with enzymes such as LCAT, LPL, and liver lipase, and (iii) they determine the sites of capture and the rate of degradation of lipoproteins by binding with cholesterol receptors on the surface of cells.
Temporal pathway analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteome in herpes simplex encephalitis
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Anja Nääs, Peng Li, Clas Ahlm, Elisabeth Aurelius, Josef D. Järhult, Silvia Schliamser, Marie Studahl, Wenzhong Xiao, Jonas Bergquist, Gabriel Westman
When comparing the individual proteins between NMDAR seropositive and seronegative patients, six proteins show lower levels in the seropositive group at various time points. Out of these six (procathepsin H, heparin cofactor 2, complement factor I, protein AMBP apolipoprotein A1 and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor) we find apolipoprotein A1 to be of most interest in this biological context. Apolipoprotein A1 is the main component of the high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and aside from its well-known role in cholesterol metabolism it takes part in the immune response as well, having an anti-inflammatory effect [38]. There seems to be a link between apolipoprotein A1 levels and neurodegenerative disease, where a low level of serum apolipoprotein A1 correlates with a higher risk of dementia [39] and the severity of Alzheimer’s disease [40,41]. A study by Liu et al. showed lower levels of serum apolipoprotein A1 in NMDAR encephalitis patients compared to healthy controls [42]. However, it should be noted that apolipoprotein A1 levels in serum compared to CSF does not always correlate, since it can be transported through transcytosis [43]. Our finding of lower levels in the anti-NMDAR seropositive group is in line with the hypothesis that apolipoprotein A1 has a neuroprotective effect; hence it should probably be interpreted as a potentially protective factor against the development of anti-NMDAR antibodies. No other single protein levels were significantly correlated to the level of brain MRI injury, corticosteroid treatment or neurocognitive status.
Amyloid nomenclature 2022: update, novel proteins, and recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) Nomenclature Committee
Published in Amyloid, 2022
Joel N. Buxbaum, Angela Dispenzieri, David S. Eisenberg, Marcus Fändrich, Giampaolo Merlini, Maria J. M. Saraiva, Yoshiki Sekijima, Per Westermark
Amyloid deposits not only contain the main amyloid fibril proteins but may also have components that appear to be present in most deposits. The most well studied are serum amyloid P-component (SAP) and heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPG), both of which seem to be important both for the stability of the fibrils and, at least for HSPG, in their genesis. There are other proteins regularly found attached to the fibril by uncertain mechanisms. They include among others, apolipoprotein A-IV and apolipoprotein E; with other components under continuing investigation. The presence of these proteins has been used in mass spectrometry as additional proof that the tissue extracted material contains amyloid. Therefore, these components have been designated as ‘amyloid signature proteins’ [6].
Regulation of the apolipoprotein M signaling pathway: a review
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Given the location of the apoM gene, it is unsurprising that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the apoM gene are associated with numerous diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [9–12], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [13], and systemic lupus erythematosus [14]. For instance, in a previous study, the blood glucose levels in apoM−/− mice were decreased compared with those in wild-type mice, and apoM was suggested to promote insulin secretion and sensitivity [15–17]. ApoM has also been shown to play a role in lipid metabolism; in particular, it was found to be essential for the formation of pre-β-HDL and reverse cholesterol transport [18,19]. ApoA1, the most abundant apolipoprotein in HDL, has been demonstrated to interact with ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) to play a key role in reverse cholesterol transport. Faber et al. [20] reported that apoM levels in apoA1-deficient mice were decreased compared with those in wild-type mice, which indicated a potential link between apoM and the biological effects of HDL, suggesting that apoM might affect the pathogenesis of several cardiometabolic diseases.