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Principles of Clinical Pathology
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Niraj K. Tripathi, Jacqueline M. Tarrant
Urine samples collected over a long period (e.g., overnight) often have spuriously high urine pH because of ammonia formation resulting from bacterial growth and loss of carbon dioxide from the sample. Collecting samples in a manner to prevent or slow bacterial growth (e.g., surrounding the collection container by wet ice) helps reduce this change. Test article–related effects on urine pH tend to be small and usually represent relatively subtle homeostatic changes and not renal tubular dysfunction. Urine pH is occasionally affected by the pH of the test article if it is administered in high enough quantities and the pH differs significantly from that of the vehicle control article.
Cholelithiasis and Nephrolithiasis
Published in John K. DiBaise, Carol Rees Parrish, Jon S. Thompson, Short Bowel Syndrome Practical Approach to Management, 2017
There are multiple factors associated with an increased risk of nephrolithiasis present in SBS. Sodium and water reabsorption capacity varies from patient to patient after major small bowel resection. Dehydration leading to reduced urine volumes is associated with kidney stone formation. [45,46]. Particularly at risk are patients with an end-jejunostomy as they often have significant fluid losses resulting in chronic salt and water depletion. In the setting of high stomal output, volume depletion and stool losses of bicarbonate result in metabolic acidosis, reduced citrate excretion, and acidic urine [47,48]. A persistently low urine pH promotes uric acid precipitation and leads to the formation of uric acid stones [49].
Clinical Assessment, Investigation and Treatment of Renal Disease in Africa: A Practical Guide for Primary Care Physicians
Published in Meguid El Nahas, Kidney Diseases in the Developing World and Ethnic Minorities, 2005
J. Plange-Rhule, J. B. Eastwood, F. P. Cappuccio
Urine pH. Clinically, urine pH (normal 4.5–7.8 depending on the person’s diet) is sometimes important in urinary tract infection. Urea-splitting bacteria such as Proteus mirabilis produce urine of very high pH (alkaline) and thereby lead to the formation of calcium-containing urinary tract calculi—sometimes staghorn “matrix” calculi. Uric acid and cystine stones are found in acidic urine. Acid urine is also found in patients with metabolic or respiratory acidosis.
Sex disparities and the risk of urolithiasis: a large cross-sectional study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Jin-Zhou Xu, Cong Li, Qi-Dong Xia, Jun-Lin Lu, Zheng-Ce Wan, Liu Hu, Yong-Man Lv, Xiao-Mei Lei, Wei Guan, Yang Xun, Shao-Gang Wang
Urolithiasis was diagnosed based on the ultrasonography outcome. Demographic characteristics and comorbidities including hypertension (HBP), diabetes (DM), fatty liver (FL), and coronary heart disease (CHD) were collected based on medical history. Presenting characteristics including body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured when undergoing examination. Laboratory indices include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glo), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), serum creatinine (SCr), total bilirubin (TBIL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), fasting blood glucose (Glu), and uric acid (UA), was tested from blood specimens. Urine pH (UpH) was acquired from a urinalysis, which can indicate the crystal type of kidney stones [8]. We used the CKD-EPI China equation with an adjusted coefficient of 1.1 for the Chinese population to calculate eGFR:
A risk prediction model of urinary tract infections for patients with neurogenic bladder
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Wenqiang Wang, Peng Xie, Jing Zhang, Wenzhi Cai
Urine is a kind of liquid excrement discharged from the body through the urinary system and urinary tract for metabolism. Urine can not only regulate the balance of water and electrolyte, eliminate metabolic waste, but also reveal many diseases. Close monitoring the changes of components of urine can be a method for early detection of UTI. Urine PH value reflects the kidney’s ability to regulate acid-base balance. The body can discharge many acidic and alkaline substances through urine to maintain acid-base balance. In this study, Urine pH > 7 is a risk factor for UTIs, and gets the risk score of graded 85 points in prediction of UTI (Figure 1, Tables 3 and 4). To some extent, the detection of LEU can determine whether there is inflammation or infection in patients. In this study, LEU> 54.35/μL is a risk factor for UTIs (p < 0.001, Table 3), and gets the risk score of graded 100 points in prediction of UTI (Table 4). When UTI occurs, most of the urine is alkaline. The precipitation of urate、phosphate and carbonate, UTI and chyluria make the urine turbid. The most common pathological cause of urinary turbidity is UTI. In this study, Urine clarity (CLA) is associated with UTIs in univariate analysis, but multivariate analysis finds no significant correlation (Tables 3 and 4).
Clinical profile of a Polish cohort of children and young adults with cystinuria
Published in Renal Failure, 2021
Marcin Tkaczyk, Katarzyna Gadomska-Prokop, Iga Załuska-Leśniewska, Kinga Musiał, Jan Zawadzki, Katarzyna Jobs, Tadeusz Porowski, Anna Rogowska-Kalisz, Anna Jander, Merit Kirolos, Adam Haliński, Aleksandra Krzemień, Aleksandra Sobieszczańska-Droździel, Katarzyna Zachwieja, Bodo B. Beck, Przemysław Sikora, Marcin Zaniew
Data on treatment were available for 28 patients (Table 1). The majority (89%) had their fluid intake increased after a clinical diagnosis was made, which is recommended as a standard prevention for stone formation in cystinuria. In 3 patients (10.7%), no dietary restrictions (i.e., a low salt diet and reduced protein intake) were advised. Among pharmacological treatments, potassium citrate was the most commonly prescribed (in 24 patients; 85.7%). Captopril and tiopronin were given to 10 (35.7%) and 4 (14.3%) patients, respectively. Standard initial potassium citrate dosage was 0.5 mEq/kg/day. Parents were instructed to adjust dosage to maintain a high urine pH of 7.7–8.0 at a final dose of 1–1.1 mEq/kg/day. Captoprilum was given at a dosage of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg/day. Triopronin was administered with an initial dose of 15 mg/kg/day dose and finally ranged 300–900 mg (5–30 mg/kg/day).