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An Overview of Molecular Nutrition
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Vincent W. Li, Catherine Ward, Delaney K. Schurr
Phytochemicals (or phytonutrients) are substances found in foods (generally in fruits, vegetables, grain, beans, and other plants) that have beneficial health effects beyond conventional nutrition. They are different from vitamins and minerals in that they are not necessary for the body to function. Thus, there are no recommended daily amounts for phytochemicals. Figure 3.5 shows different types of phytochemicals and their classification. Although phytochemicals are most well known for their antioxidant capabilities, a wide range of scientific benefits are being discovered as further research is conducted into this exciting new field of molecular nutrition. For example, studies have shown that a number of phytonutrients suppress tumor angiogenesis (Li, 2012b). Some phytonutrients can also interact with DNA to protect DNA from harm. Others increase the activity of DNA repair mechanisms to fix errors occurring in DNA replication. And others upregulate genes that can suppress cancer development. Furthermore, studies have investigated the effects of phytonutrients on the microbiome and found that they can increase beneficial bacteria and overall health of the gut.
Systemic Therapy (Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy) for Thyroid Cancers
Published in Madan Laxman Kapre, Thyroid Surgery, 2020
BRAF is the most studied and the most common gene mutation having an important role in thyroid carcinogenesis. It is a serine-threonine kinase, belonging to the family of RAF proteins, and is an intracellular mediator of the MAPK pathway. The most common BRAF mutation is BRAFV600E (amino acid substitution), which constitutively activates the serine-threonine kinase, thus upregulating the MAPK pathway [9]. This involves the sequential activation of MEK and ERK. The activated MAPK pathway plays a role in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and carcinogenesis. As stated, BRAF strongly activates this pathway. The resulting intracellular events then upregulate tumor-promoting genes and downregulate tumor-suppressing genes. Thus, BRAF mutation and activation of the MAPK pathway have an important role in thyroid cancers, especially papillary cancers [9]. BRAFV600E mutation is seen in about 45% of PTCs [12].
Disease Prediction and Drug Development
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
A microarray analysis placed expressed-genes in four categories: 1) significantly upregulated (gene-expression increases); 2) significantly downregulated; 3) insignificant gene-expression variations and 4) genes that are not expressed. A total of 165 genes (or ESTs) were upregulated, and 170 genes (or ESTs) were downregulated. EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) is a short subsequence of genes used to derive the gene-expressions of cloned DNA (cDNA). A total of 19 known genes and 21 ESTS had a separate gene-expression between HBV and HCV making them biomarkers for HBV and HCV. Additional genes were identified that were upregulated or downregulated in cancer improving the knowledge of genes involved in carcinogenesis. The techniques used to study and identify these genes were: 1) hierarchical clustering based upon edit-distance and 2) filtering the gene-expressions using a threshold value that separated significant upregulation or downregulation.
Chitosan oligosaccharide attenuates acute kidney injury and renal interstitial fibrosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Shulan Yin, Jiane Liu, Xiangzhong Zhao, Hanyu Dong, Yanjing Cao, Sudan Zhang, Xiaolei Dong, Guangmin Zhang, Shengxi Jin, Weiping Shi, Fenggang Xiang, Jizheng Gong, Ziyi Wang, Baoqin Han, Na Zhang, Xiaohua Tan, Zheng Wang
To obtain molecular insights into the protective effects of COS, we performed RNA-seq to investigate the related signaling pathways and important genes involved in this protective process. Compared to the control group, 746 genes were upregulated and 996 genes were downregulated in the TBHP group. However, after COS administration, 37 upregulated genes were reversed, and 13 downregulated genes were reversed significantly. Next, we performed gene ontology (GO) function analysis on the protein-coding differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that reversed renal injury after COS protection. As shown by the GO analysis histogram, genes Pam16, Dhrs13, and Sdhaf4 related to mitochondria, and genes Aldh1a1, Entpd4 related to apoptosis and metabolism, were found to be possible genes involved in COS regulation.
Hyperthermia promotes exosome secretion by regulating Rab7b while increasing drug sensitivity in adriamycin-resistant breast cancer
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Di Xu, Wen-Juan Tang, Yi-Zhi Zhu, Zhen Liu, Kai Yang, Ming-Xing Liang, Xiu Chen, Yang Wu, Jin-Hai Tang, Wei Zhang
To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this thermal regulation in breast cancer, we analyzed the genome-wide gene expression profiles of hyperthermia-treated MCF-7/ADR cells. Using microarray analysis, we identified 2046 upregulated genes and 1724 downregulated genes with the following criteria: (i) p value <.05, (ii) q value <.05, and (iii) fold change >2 (Figure 3(A, B)). The top 20 DEGs after hyperthermia treatment in MCF7/ADR cells are listed in Supplement Tables 2 and 3. Furthermore, to explore the hub genes that play important roles in the molecular mechanisms of hyperthermia treatment, we constructed a PPI network using Cytoscape (Figure 3(C)). This PPI network included an interaction network and functional nodes which indicated the biological response of MCF7/ADR cells to hyperthermia. From the PPI network, we analyzed 300 nodes (203 upregulated genes and 97 downregulated genes) and found 673 interaction pairs. Furthermore, a total of 10 genes were identified as hub genes with ≥8 degrees, as shown in Table 1. From the 10 hub genes, we found that MAPK8, NFKB1, PLCB4, FOS, CREB5, and RAC2 were significantly related to OS. With the higher expression of MAPK8, NFKB1, FOS, CREB5, and RAC2, the prognosis of patients is better. With the lower expression of PLCB4, the prognosis of patients was better (Figure 3(D)). The upregulation and downregulation of these genes resulted from hyperthermia treatment-induced prognostic changes, which is consistent with how hyperthermia can improve the prognosis of breast cancer.
A Biscuit Containing Fucoxanthin Prevents Colorectal Carcinogenesis in Mice
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Masaru Terasaki, Wataru Murase, Yukino Kamakura, Serina Kawakami, Atsuhito Kubota, Hiroyuki Kojima, Tohru Ohta, Takuji Tanaka, Hayato Maeda, Kazuo Miyashita, Michihiro Mutoh
After 15 weeks of Fx-biscuit administration, we determined the transcriptomic profiles of the colorectal mucosal tissues from AOM/DSS mice. PCoA plot analysis demonstrated a genetic difference between groups 1 and 2 (Figure 2A). Hierarchical cluster analysis between groups 1 and 2 showed a difference in the 138 genes (Figure 2B). Volcano plot analysis revealed that both fold-change and p-values of downregulated genes were higher than those of upregulated genes (Figure 2C). Group 1 indicated 80 upregulated and 58 downregulated genes (Figure 2D). None of the significant upregulated genes were found as genes associated with cancer chemoprevention (Table 2). In contrast, the downregulated genes profile revealed that some cancer-promoting genes, Hspa1b (–35.7-fold), Hspa1a (–34.9-fold), Ly6g (–4.4-fold), Qsox1 (–2.8-fold), Dnajb1 (–2.8-fold), C2cd4b (–2.5-fold), Upp1 (–2.3-fold), Gsta2 (–2.2-fold), Slc25a22 (–2.2-fold), Mpv17l2 (–2.2-fold), Sgk1 (–2.1-fold), Ccdc117 (–2.1-fold), and Fdps (–2.0-fold), were suppressed in the mice administered with Fx-biscuit administration (Table 3).