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Role of Histone Methyltransferase in Breast Cancer
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Surekha Manhas, Zaved Ahmed Khan
During DNA packaging, basic proteins – histones – play a reported mark as a chromatin component in the nucleus of eukaryote cells, where they bind with DNA and further proceed the DNA for packaging into smaller units designated as nucleosomes that display their role in gene regulation. The unwounded chromosomal DNA length varies. Diploid cell DNA of humans is about 1.8 meters, shows wounded association on the basic proteins, and has approximately 0.09 mm (90 micrometers) of chromatin. During the mitotic process, the human diploid cell undergoes condensation and duplication, resulting in about 120 mm of chromosome. Histone modifications are directly correlated with gene regulation functions, including ADP-ribosylation, methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and citrullination.
Methylome and epigenetic markers
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Skevi Kyriakou, Marios Ioannides, George Koumbaris, Philippos Patsalis
DNA methylation is a major epigenetic mechanism, the best characterized chemical modification in mammals, which involves the covalent addition of a methyl group on carbon 5 of cytosine residues present in CpG dinucleotides. Most CpG dinucleotides, covering 60%–80% of the human genome, are methylated with the exception of CpGs islands located on promoter regions of housekeeping genes (3). The latter remain unmethylated as a prerequisite for active transcription. DNA methylation can directly inhibit transcription by restricting access of transcription factors to gene promoter regions. In fact, during embryogenesis and gametogenesis, gene regulation and chromatin organization are guided by DNA methylation (4).
Structure and Function of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Gene
Published in Pia Glas-Greenwalt, Fibrinolysis in Disease Molecular and Hemovascular Aspects of Fibrinolysis, 2019
Yoshikuni Negamine, Janet S. Lee, Pierre-Alain Menoud, Rika Nanbu
Regulation of mRNA stability is an important aspect of gene regulation because the level of mRNA is the net result of its de novo synthesis and degradation. We have shown that u-PA mRNA has a half-life of 70 min in LLC-PK1 cells86 and that the half-life can be extended in various ways, e.g., by protein synthesis inhibition,86 protein kinase C downregulation,89 and calcium ions.90 These observations suggest that mRNA stability can be a regulatory step as important as transcription in the overall control of u-PA expression.
Shedding light on experimental intra-articular drugs for treating knee osteoarthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Yang Zhao, Qianhua Ou, Yu Cai, Guangfeng Ruan, Yan Zhang, Changhai Ding
Epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome remodeling, and non-coding RNA has been intensely studied in recent years [150]. Epigenetic regulation gene therapy regulated many biological processes that are fundamental to the genesis of OA by binding to target genes directly and subsequently affecting the OA responses pathways including NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, and JAK/STAT pathway [151,152]. Non-coding RNAs are the typical representatives of epigenetic regulation therapy and it has been rapidly developed as a new IA injection pattern in recent years [152–154]. Non-coding RNAs are RNAs that do not translate to protein but are mostly involved in gene regulation at different levels, from gene silencing of messenger RNA (mRNA) to posttranslational modification which mainly include miRNA, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) [155,156].
Impact of DNA methylation on ADME gene expression, drug disposition, and efficacy
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Xu Hao, Yuanyuan Li, Jialu Bian, Ying Zhang, Shiyu He, Feng Yu, Yufei Feng, Lin Huang
DNA methylation is the main component of the epigenetic mechanism, which is necessary for proper gene regulation, chromosomal stability, and parental imprinting (Robertson 2005). Fisel et al. reported that DNA methylation is the covalent addition of a CH3-group to 5-carbon position of cytosines within CpG dinucleotides of gene promoter, which is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and leads to the suppression of gene expression (Fisel et al. 2016). In recent years, a certain number of studies have revealed the correlation between DNA methylation and drug effects by regulating the expression of ADME genes. For example, the expression of the efflux transporter ABCB1 is regulated by DNA methylation, which affects the transport of anti-tumor drugs such as doxorubicin (Dejeux et al. 2010) and antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Yang et al. 2015), thereby affecting the clinical outcome of the drugs. This indicates that further exploration of DNA methylation of ADME genes can promote the rationalization of clinical medication to a certain extent.
Nutrition Provides the Essential Foundation for Optimizing Mental Health
Published in Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Julia J. Rucklidge, Jeanette M. Johnstone, Bonnie J. Kaplan
Methylation is one of many essential biochemical processes involved in gene regulation, whereby a methyl group (one carbon and three hydrogen atoms) is transferred to a molecule such as DNA. These newly methylated compounds are essential for a number of functions including: DNA synthesis and repair, neurotransmitter production (like serotonin), energy production, detoxification, gene regulation, hormone regulation, cell membrane repair, myelination, and immune function. The methylation-folate cycle, sometimes known as one carbon metabolism, requires specific nutrients (e.g., vitamins B2, B6, B12) acting as cofactors in order for the metabolic reactions to occur. Without an adequate supply, methylation will be impaired, which in turn may affect genetic expression and result in poor physical and mental health. Increasing the supply of nutrients has been shown to modestly increase methylation of the genome, illustrating the role that nutrients might play in gene modification (Stevens et al., 2018).