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Diabetes
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
Type I diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs when the body does not sufficiently produce insulin. Type I diabetes is associated with autoimmune β-cell destruction, which usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency. Type II diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs when the body does not properly utilize insulin. Type II diabetes is characterized by a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion associated with insulin resistance. Whereas type II diabetes had historically been referred to as adult-onset diabetes, both type I and II diabetes are now observed in both adults and children. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), indicate the presence of elevated blood glucose levels above normal values but below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes. Labels such as prediabetes, non-diabetic hyperglycemia, and intermediate hyperglycemia are also used to classify these conditions.1
Atherosclerosis and Diabetes
Published in Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla, Heart Dysfunction in Diabetes, 2019
Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla
The obese diabetic is almost always suffering from a type II noninsulin-dependent type of diabetes. Caloric restriction has been frequently recommended to improve glycemic control in these patients. Conventional diet plans whereby caloric intake is reduced in a well-balanced manner may succeed in the general population but the diabetic is not always responsive to such therapy.159 More radical methods of caloric restriction such as gastric bypass surgery160,162 and protein-supplemented fasting161,162 have proven successful in several studies in the diabetic population. Both treatments have been shown to successfully reduce weight in obese, diabetic patients over a short period.162 In addition, these interventions improved glycemic control and decreased the insulin resistance which frequently accompanies type II diabetes.162 Significant changes in various atherosclerotic risk factors would suggest that these treatments would be of benefit in lowering the chances of atherogenesis in the diabetic patient. HDL levels rose, factor VIII coagulant activity decreased, and serum fibrinogen lowered after gastric surgery or protein-supplemented fasting.162 These results are encouraging but further work should be undertaken in view of the possible risk of incurring a cardiovascular event with a protein-supplemented fasting protocol.163
Diabetes
Published in Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize, Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize
Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder that affects approximately 208,000 children from birth to 20 years of age (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2016). Peak incidence will occur around puberty, with males showing a later peak than females. The ability of the body in the person with diabetes to adequately produce and use insulin is affected, and the individual is unable to utilize sugar properly. There are two types of diabetes, both of which are characterized by metabolic disorders of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The current terms used to describe these two types of diabetes are Type I, formerly called juvenile diabetes and a disease of the immune system that attacks the beta cells (insulin-producing cells of the pancreas) and Type II, formerly called adult-onset diabetes (NIH, 2016). Type II diabetes begins with insulin resistance and an inability to use insulin effectively, causing the pancreas to produce less insulin and requiring treatment with diet and/or medication to regulate blood sugar levels rather than with insulin injections (Center for Disease Control [CDC], 2014). This type of diabetes is becoming more common in children and is associated with obesity, inactivity, and ethnicity (ADA, 2017; CDC, 2014). This chapter discusses Type I, or insulin-dependent, diabetes, which primarily affects school-aged individuals and is treated with insulin injections because of an inadequate production of insulin.
Research progress of coumarins and their derivatives in the treatment of diabetes
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Yinbo Pan, Teng Liu, Xiaojing Wang, Jie Sun
Type II diabetes mellitus is one type of DM found in more than 90% of cases of DM and could be attributed to obesity, overweight and lack of physical activity, marked by pancreatic insulin release, when the body has not been trained to utilise insulin developed for glucose transfer, and the emergence of insulin resistance contributes to an increase of blood glucose or hyperglycaemia.88 Therefore, the insulin receptor is a potential target for screening the anti-diabetic ligand activity of insulin receptor activator, and it is a tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor, which effectively participates in the regulation of glucose homeostasis through phosphorylation of insulin binding89–92. A total of 54 coumarin chalcone hybrids were synthesised by the famous Biginelli synthesis, Pechmann condensation, acetylation and Claisen-Schmidt reaction. Compared with diabetic rats treated with metformin (100 mg/kg b.d), further treatment with 80 and 81 at 30 mg/kg b.d. showed that MDA in pancreas and liver tissue of diabetic rats decreased significantly and moderately, while SOD and GSH rates increased89 (Figure 21).
A Low Body Fat Mass Ratio Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Zeynep Oruc, Ahmet Akbay, M. Ali Kaplan, İdris Oruç, Zuhat Urakçı, Mehmet Küçüköner, Abdurrahman Işıkdoğan
The fat mass ratio varies depending on the age, gender, ethnicity and comorbidities of patients. There are also other factors (delays in diagnosis and treatment, etc.) that can affect the fat mass ratio in cancer patients. Comorbidities contribute to a poor prognosis in NSCLC patients (30). However, in this study, a history of comorbidity was not proved to be a prognostic factor. The most common comorbidities included hypertension (20 patients, 10%); diabetes (12 patients, 6%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (12 patients, 6%) and coronary artery disease (9 patients, 4.5%). Comorbidities can also affect body composition. In particular, type II diabetes is associated with metabolically unfavorable changes in body composition. Nevertheless, there are very few studies evaluating the effect of comorbidities on body composition (31,32). In our study, there was no difference between the patients with the fat mass ratio ≤ 22% or > 22% in terms of comorbidity (Table 3).
TGR5 agonists for diabetes treatment: a patent review and clinical advancements (2012-present)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2022
Rachana S. Bhimanwar, Amit Mittal
The pharmacological treatment for type II diabetes is based on the use of a variety of drugs with different modes of action that target different pathways [5]. Type 2 diabetes can be controlled in a variety of ways, including: Use of biguanides to inhibit gluconeogenesis (Metformin)The increase in insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells with sulphonylureas (Glipizide, Glimepiride, Gliclazide, Glibenclamide), and with metaglinides (Replaglinide)Increasing the sensitivity of insulin in the muscles, adipose tissue, and liver with thiazolidinediones (Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone)The inhibition of the glucosidase enzyme with the use of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (Acarbose) reduces carbohydrates absorption from the GIT.Inhibition of glucose reabsorption through the kidneys and removal of excess glucose from the body through urine using SGLT2 inhibitors (Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin) [6].