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The Look and Feel of Food
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Sanford S. Sherman, Mary Beth Gallant-Shean, Alan R. Hirsch
Astringency is the perception of drying or puckering, as is prototypically seen in response to tannic acid in dry wine or the mouth somesthetic sensation in response to the introduction of strong lemon juice (Bates-Smith 1954). Such a sensation may reflect a combination of touch receptors, through meissner’s corpuscles and mechanoreception for deformation with activation of pacinian corpuscles. Such activation may come directly from the consumed thermal, or indirectly as a result of salivary production inhibition inducing changes to physiological set points in the oral epithelium, inducing greater sensitivity to chemical external stimuli (Joslyn and Goldstein 1964). Supporting such a theory, tannic acid-induced astringency (or dryness) was reduced by the addition of the sialogogue, sucrose (Lyman and Green 1990). The astringency of a food is partially dependent on its ability to precipitate salivary proteins (Noble 1995). Such precipitants reinforce astringency (Green 1993). Cross-linking of proteins may enhance tension thus stimulating mechanoreceptors.
The painful nail
Published in Robert Baran, Dimitris Rigopoulos, Chander Grover, Eckart Haneke, Nail Therapies, 2021
The distal digit has sensory and autonomic nerves. Autonomic nerves are nonmyelinated and end in fine arborizations. Sensory nerves end in either free nerve endings or special end-organ receptors. Pain and temperature are perceived by a dermal network of unmyelinated free nerve endings. Special receptors include abundant Merkel-Ranvier endings, Meissner’s corpuscles, and Vater-Pacini corpuscles. Merkel’s endings are touch receptors that associate with basal cells in the deep aspect of intermediate rete ridges, and they also are generally found elsewhere in the skin. In contrast, Meissner’s and Vater-Pacini corpuscles are associated especially in the distal digit, although they are not unique to this site (Morgan et al., 2001).
The Cell Membrane in the Steady State
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The change in membrane conductance could be caused by: Physical stimuli, such as mechanical deformation, as in touch receptors and muscle receptors, or light in the case of photoreceptors.Chemical stimuli, as in taste and smell receptors as well as in nerve and muscle cells, whereby the binding of ligands to specific receptors on the outer or inner surface of the membrane change membrane conductance.Membrane depolarization, which affects membrane conductances in a specific manner, as discussed in the next chapter.
Impressions of aquatic therapy treatment in children with prolonged mechanical ventilation – clinician and family perspectives: a qualitative case study
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Javier Güeita-Rodríguez, Nadia Gil-Montoro, Beatriz Cabo-Ríos, María Alonso-Fraile, Jorge Pérez-Corrales, Domingo Palacios-Ceña
Aquatic therapy (AT) is a therapeutic modality with considerable advantages due to the properties of water, that is, hydrostatic pressure, water temperature, viscosity, and buoyancy [13]. Hydrostatic pressure stimulates touch receptors on the skin, for example, proprioceptive and baroreceptors, allowing for tactile and proprioceptive integration, normalization of muscle tone, and improved balance and postural control [14]. Buoyancy reduces the weight of the body, allowing for postural re-education and musculoskeletal strengthening. Consequently, there is an increase in the pain threshold that is positively correlated with turbulence and water temperature, leading to a greater relaxation effect, perception of well-being, and reduced anxiety [13].
Inter- and intra-tester reliability of sensibility testing in healthy individuals
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2018
Tugrul Bulut, Mesut Tahta, Ufuk Sener, Muhittin Sener
The S2PD test evaluates the density of touch receptors. For this study, we used a Baseline® Discrim-A-GonTM two-point discriminator (Baseline, White Plains, NY). The sites tested were the palmar surfaces of the pulp of the fingers. Randomly, one or two prongs were touched over the test site, with as little pressure as possible, and the individual was asked whether one or two prongs were felt. The smallest inter-prong distance for which the individual gave two correct responses out of three trials was recorded in millimetres for that site. If the testing device was not felt at all, the score was recorded as 0.