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Neurotoxicity of Pesticides
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Matthew C. Keifer, Jordan Firestone
Sulfuryl fluoride has been less frequently reported as an acute central nervous system intoxicant.27,28 However, two epidemiological studies have demonstrated chronic central nervous system deficits associated with chronic exposure to sulfuryl fluoride in pesticide applicators.29,30
Corrosives
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Inhalation – Inhalation of hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, and most fluorine derivatives causes coughing, choking, and chills lasting 1–2 h after exposure. After an asymptomatic period of 1–2 days, fever, cough, tightness in the chest, rales, and cyanosis indicate pulmonary edema. These symptoms progress for 1–2 days and then regress slowly over a period of 10–30 days. Sulfuryl fluoride causes narcosis, convulsions, and pulmonary irritation. Nitrogen trifluoride causes methemoglobin formation. Bromine pentafluoride causes nephrosis and hepatitis. Sulfur hexafluoride (sulfur fluoride) is nearly non-toxic.
Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Various chemicals active toward insects, mites, nematodes, weed seeds, fungi, or rodents are used for soil or structural fumigation, or for fumigating postharvest commodities. They are in the gaseous form at the time they exert their pesticidal action but can be liquids that readily vaporize (e.g., ethylene dibromide), solids that can release a toxic gas on reaction with water (e.g., phosphine released by aluminum phosphide), or gases (e.g., methyl bromide). Fumigation of postharvest commodities, such as wheat, cereals, and fruits, to eradicate pest infestations, typically occurs where the commodities are stored (e.g., warehouses, grain elevators, and ship holds). After treatment, mechanical ventilation aerates the commodity until concentration of the fumigant decreases to safe levels. Methyl bromide has been extensively used as a fumigant for several decades, but it is thought to contribute to ozone depletion in the stratosphere, and for this reason it has been phased out worldwide (121). In recent years, 1,3-Dichloropropene has been increasingly used as a replacement for methyl bromide, because of its relatively favorable toxicological and environmental profiles (122,123). Another alternative to methyl bromide is metam-sodium, widely used as a soil fumigant (124). Its toxic action toward soil nematodes, fungi, and weed seeds are due to its hydrolysis product, methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), which is also a metabolite in mammals (125). Acute toxicity is low, but it can act as a contact sensitizer, inducing allergic dermatitis, which is attributable to MITC (126). Sulfur compounds are also widely used as pesticides, including fumigants. For example, elemental sulfur, considered the oldest of all pesticides and used by the Greeks as early as 1000 BC (127) still represents one of the most heavily used crop protection chemicals, and it can be used in organic farming (128). Sulfur dioxide is used as a fumigant because of its antimicrobial properties, particularly in the treatment of grapes held in cold storage. Sulfuryl fluoride is also used as a fumigant, particularly for structural fumigation and for postharvest fumigation of stored commodities.
Covalent drug discovery using sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange warheads
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Historically, the synthesis of SuFEx warheads started with toxic, expensive and dangerous procedures (i.e. fluorosulfonic anhydride, flurosulfonic acid and gaseous sulfuryl fluoride, etc.) in the past century. With the need to provide safe, scalable, and reliable reagents, chemists developed controllable methods to generate sulfuryl fluoride gas, and bench-stable and reliable solid ‘SO2F’ sources like AISF. SuFEx warheads were introduced into probes possessing various functional groups, which has accelerated SuFEx medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Emerging flow and electrochemistry-based methods are being applied to the introduction of sulfonyl fluoride warheads, although the scope of these approaches need to be further explored. For the synthesis of SAFs, a more stable and reliable surrogate of gaseous thionyl tetrafluoride will be a significant breakthrough.
Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Dan Wu, Lili Jin, Xing Huang, Hao Deng, Qing-kun Shen, Zhe-shan Quan, Changhao Zhang, Hong-Yan Guo
Zhang et al.121 reported an efficient and simple method for the synthesis of N-acylaminosulfonates from fluorosulfonates and potassium trimethylsiloximate as amide precursors. This method produced a wide range of substrates under mild and base-free reaction conditions and short reaction times, with high to excellent yields. Zhang et al. applied this method to arctigenin (Figure 12) by reacting the phenolic hydroxyl group with sulphuryl fluoride (SO2F2) in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of triethylamine for 3 h to produce the corresponding fluorosulfate 133, which was then reacted with trimethylsiloxyimide in DMF for 20 min at room temperature to obtain N-acyl sulfamate 134 (75%).