Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Role of Metabolism in Chemically Induced Nephrotoxicity
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Although the sulfoxidation reaction is present in both hepatic and renal microsomes, the rate of sulfoxide formation by kidney is nearly threefold greater than that by liver (Sausen and Elfarra, 1990a; Sausen et al., 1993). This greater activity combined with the specificity of membrane transport systems may account for the organ specificity pattern.
Chemistries of Chemical Warfare Agents
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Terry J. Henderson, Ilona Petrikovics, Petr Kikilo, Andrew L. Ternay Jr., Harry Salem
Sulfides, including sulfur mustard, undergo oxidation at their sulfur atom position. Initial oxidation produces a sulfoxide, whereas further oxidation produces a sulfone as shown in the following reaction. Oxidants that can participate in such reactions include hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacids, nitric acid, permanganate ions, ozone, dinitrogen tetroxide, and dichromate ions. Oxides of sulfur mustard are not as volatile as mustard, which might possibly explain why the surfaces of British air raid shelters were sometimes coated with the oxidant calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)2. Episulfonium ion formation is less likely in the sulfoxide of sulfur mustard than in sulfur mustard itself.
Spectroscopy and Fluorimetry
Published in Joseph Chamberlain, The Analysis of Drugs in Biological Fluids, 2018
Alkaline plasma is extracted with heptane containing 10% isopropyl alcohol and the fluorescence of the organic layer is measured directly at 505 nm following excitation at 275 nm. The sensitivity of the method is 8 ng ml−1 and the calibration graph is rectilinear up to 300 ng ml−1. The sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites do not interfere with the determination of unchanged parent drug.
Liposome quercetin enhances the ablation effects of microwave ablation in treating the rabbit VX2 liver tumor model
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Hao Li, Pengfei Chen, Manzhou Wang, Wenhui Wang, Fangzheng Li, Xinwei Han, Jianzhuang Ren, Xuhua Duan
Quercetin (3,3,4,5,7-pentahydroxflavone), a kind of natural nontoxic flavonoid compound, has the functions of anti-proliferation and antitumour, inhibiting the synthesis of biomacromolecule, affecting the activity of many enzymes, and promoting apoptosis [17,18]. Quercetin is difficult to dissolve in water. As a common cosolvent of quercetin, dimethyl sulfoxide can cause hemolysis and damage to liver and kidney functions which limited its clinical application [19]. Yuan et al. had confirmed that liposomes can change the water solubility of quercetin and prolong the half-life of quercetin in vivo, reduce drug toxicity and significantly enhance the solubility and bioavailability of quercetin. Thus, liposomes could effectively play the role of inhibiting the expression of HSP70 in tumor cells, inhibiting tumor microvascular formation and promoting tumor cell apoptosis [10].
The importance of sulfur-containing motifs in drug design and discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Muhamad Mustafa, Jean-Yves Winum
Among the different sulfur-containing functions exploited in drug design, some are of great importance and have been used extensively, such as sulfides, thiols, sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfonamide, sulfamate, sulfamide, sulfoximine, and sulfur-related heterocycles (Figure 1). Sulfur-containing compounds are described to depict large activity profiles through diverse mechanisms of action and the nature of the targets and is related to the special characteristics and polarity of the carbon-sulfur, oxygen-sulfur, and nitrogen-sulfur bonds [3]. In addition, sulfur-containing natural products (e.g. penicillin, quinupristin, and dalfopristin) are of growing significance in medicinal chemistry. Interestingly, over one thousand sulfur-containing natural compounds were isolated from various organisms [4].
Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase: the “sulfoxidation polymorphism”
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Stephen C. Mitchell, Glyn B. Steventon
Of the few compounds shown to be substrates, S-methyl-l-cysteine has been reported as having anti-lipidaemic properties (Hasimun et al., 2011) and attenuating metabolic syndrome, inflammation and oxidative stress in the rat (Thomas et al., 2015) as well as use as adjunctive therapy in obviating Parkinson’s-like symptoms (Wassef et al., 2007). Studies in healthy volunteers have shown widespread biotransformation of this compound with indications of variation in sulfoxide output, but the numbers involved were far too small for any meaningful inferences to be drawn (Mitchell et al., 1984a). The sulfoxide metabolite also possesses several therapeutic attributes (Edmands et al., 2013) but it appears not to have been exploited. The l-cysteine methylester, often confusingly termed “methylcysteine” or “mecysteine”, has been used as a mucolytic but it is doubtful that, possessing a free thiol group, it would be acted upon by phenylalanine 4-monoxygenase.