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Clinical Basis of COVID-19
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
Respiratory droplet transmission is the main mode of the transmission of 2019-nCoV. The virus is spread through droplets produced when patients cough, sneeze, and talk, and those who are susceptible will be infected after inhalation.
The Great Influenza
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
Even in the early 1900s, the typical influenza or “flu” infection was well recognized, characterized by nasal and airway congestion, cough, fever, chills, joint and muscle pain, conjunctivitis, headache and extreme fatigue. It is highly contagious, spread from one person to another in three main ways: by direct transmission, when an infected person coughs or sneezes into the face of another person – a route that is highly favored by children; the airborne route via inhalation of virus-contaminated air; and through hand-to-eye, -nose, or -mouth transmission, from contaminated surfaces or direct personal contact. The airborne route is the most important because the average sneeze or cough can send as many as 100,000 contagious viruses into the air at speeds up to 100 miles per hour to a distance of 6 feet.4 Surfaces can be contaminated and small pathogens like the tiny influenza virus can remain suspended for hours to days, so the opportunities for infection from a single unprotected sneeze are substantial!
Pulmonary rehabilitation in post-acute patients with COVID-19
Published in Claudio F. Donner, Nicolino Ambrosino, Roger S. Goldstein, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2020
Michele Vitacca, Mara Paneroni, Nicolino Ambrosino
All interventions must occur in the context of safety for healthcare professionals and patients. Aerosol and fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is highly probable, as the virus remains viable and infectious in aerosols for hours and on surfaces for up to several days (depending on the inoculum shed). Although aerosol airborne−infected particles from a sneeze or cough remain viable in the air for less than 3 hours (28), the virus can be transferred to another person through hand contact on a contaminated surface followed by touching the mouth, nose or eyes. Therefore, it is mandatory to respect local guidelines on prevention of infections (29). When treating potentially or overtly contagious patients, healthcare professionals must wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including impermeable gowns, gloves, face masks and protection shields or glasses (11,30,31). Group training should be discouraged until there is clear confirmation of patients being negative. This means treatment being modified to be administered in the patient's room rather than a general gym area (Figure 51.1).
How Does Our Brain Generate Sexual Pleasure?
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2021
Barry R. Komisaruk, Maria Cruz Rodriguez del Cerro
It is pleasurable to experience the feeling (i.e. sensation) of muscles contracting but without the pain of making them contract so strongly, e.g. a sneeze; our chest muscles contract without the effort of making them contract. This is a form of “involuntary” proprioception, our body giving us stimulation that we didn’t exert effort to produce. We don’t have to exert the conscious effort to contract those muscles so strongly. It is a respite from the effort. It feels good because we don’t feel the proprioceptive pain that we might feel if we had to perform the same action voluntarily. For us, our sneeze is the expression of our unconscious, for it takes over the biologically fundamental hard-wired evolutionarily adaptive reflexive process. A sneeze provides us a window into our unconscious.
Drug use treatment during COVID-19 pandemic: community-based services in Nigeria
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Ediomo-Ubong Ekpo Nelson, Emeka W. Dumbili, Ogochukwu Winifred Odeigah
This paper reports on the utilization of community-based drug treatment services in Nigeria during the lockdown following the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. In November 2019, a new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS – COV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China (Lai Shih, Ko, Tang, & Hsueh, 2020; Zhu et al., 2020). Symptoms range from mild to moderate and include mostly fever, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath (Wu & McGoogan, 2020). The COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with an infected person, droplets from coughs and sneeze, or contact with contaminated surfaces and objects (Chan et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; Ong et al., 2020). Recovery is prevalent, but mortality risk is high for individuals with underlying respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and persons 60 years and older (Wu & McGoogan, 2020).
Does a surgical helmet provide protection against aerosol transmitted disease?
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2020
Max Joachim Temmesfeld, Rune Bruhn Jakobsen, Peter Grant
There are several limitations to this investigation. First, the experimental setup in this study did not comply with any formal regulatory standards. Second, we tested artificially produced aerosol particles of 3 predefined sizes and not virus-containing particles as is sometimes performed (Fabian et al. 2008, Makison Booth et al. 2013). Third, it is likely that particles from a sneeze may be substantially larger than the particles tested in our setup (Han et al. 2013). However, the setup we constructed was deliberately similar to real-life situations with COVID-19 patients in the operation theatre. We used a PAO-4 test aerosol, which is FDA approved for regulated filter leakage testing. The particles we tested were of the same size as found in aerosols of healthy patients and patients with influenza during coughing, assisted and regular breathing where a majority of particles have been found to be less than 1 µm (Papineni and Rosenthal 1997, Yang et al. 2007, Fabian et al. 2008, Wan et al. 2014). Most testing and certification protocols for respiratory protective equipment use very high concentrations of particles in the range of 7–10 × 1011/m3 (Derrick and Gomersall 2004, Gawn et al. 2008, Makison Booth et al. 2013). Even the highest concentrations of particles generated in our study were markedly lower than in other published studies. We consider it a strength that we used a maximal concentration of particles several orders of magnitude lower (∼1,6 × 109/m3) and could still demonstrate substantial inward leakage.