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Physiology of Pregnancy
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
During pregnancy, liver blood flow remains unaltered. Histological changes in the liver consist of mild fatty changes, mild glycogen depletion and lymphocytic infiltration. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferates, suggesting an increase in hepatic microsomal activity. There is also an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase and serum cholesterol levels. The levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, bilirubin and γ-glutamyl transferase are about 20% lower in pregnant women.
Basic Cell Biology
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
The endoplasmic reticulum is an elongated membrane structure and occurs with or without the association of ribosomes; the former is called rough endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the latter is referred to as smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It has been suggested that these structures, at least in the rat liver, participate in the transportation of synthesized protein.
The Injured Cell
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis, whereas protein is synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes (formed of ribosomal RNA). Post-translational modification of protein in the form of glycosylation (addition of carbohydrate) occurs in the Golgi apparatus. Secretory vacuoles bud off from the latter and pass to the cell membrane to be exported.
Role of nanotechnology in the prolonged release of drugs by the subcutaneous route
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Among the nanosystem-based medicines approved by the FDA, lipid-based nanosystems stand out, as shown in Table 2. Their success is due to their biocompatibility, bioavailability, self-assembly, formulation simplicity, and high payload properties [52]. Liposomes are a subgroup of lipid-based nanosystems that are highly utilized because of their ability to form phospholipid uni- or multilamellar lipid bilayer structures, as seen in Figure 2a, which incorporate both hydrophobic (in a lipidic bilayer) and hydrophilic (in their core) drugs. However, they are easily taken up by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and usually require further surface modifications to improve their circulation time [56]. Solid lipid nanoparticles are another subgroup of lipid-based nanosystems that differ from liposomes in structure and morphology [57]. Because they are mainly used to deliver nucleic acids [58], their composition often includes ionizable lipid complexes with negatively charged genetic material, phospholipids for particle structure, cholesterol, and PEG to improve stability [59]. Upon complexation with cationic lipids, nucleic acids can improve their endosomal escape, thus increasing their residence time in the blood. However, these systems also possess low drug-loading capacity and biodistribution owing to uptake by the liver and spleen [24,58].
Effect of ozone versus naringin on testicular injury in experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in adult male albino rats
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
Abeer M. Azmy, Bassant T. Abd Elbaki, Mohammed A. Ali, Abeer A Mahmoud
Leydig cells (Figure 11) of the control group had euchromatic nuclei with a peripheral rim of heterochromatin. Numerous mitochondria, a few cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and a few primary lysosomes were seen in their cytoplasm. Additionally, a blood capillary was noticed in the interstitium. (Figure 11a). The DSS ulcerative colitis-induced group revealed irregular electron-dense nuclei with peripheral heterochromatin. Their cytoplasm contained mitochondria and dilated cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Figure 11b). DSS+Narigine group revealed partial improvement as leydig cells had irregular nuclei with peripheral heterochromatin and their cytoplasm contained mitochondria and few dilated cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Figure 11c). In DSS+Ozone group, the sections were near normal as they had euchromatic nuclei with a peripheral rim of heterochromatin. Their cytoplasm contained numerous mitochondria and cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Figure 11d).
The Effect of Solithromycin, a Cationic Amphiphilic Drug, on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells
Published in Current Eye Research, 2018
Yang Liu, Wendy R. Kam, Prabhavathi Fernandes, David A. Sullivan
The SOL-induced generation of lysosomes and the accumulation of lipids within these vesicles are similar to events that typically occur during the differentiation of HMGECs.46 This cellular process appears to start with small, undifferentiated cells located in the periphery of meibomian gland acini. These cells possess large quantities of free ribosomes and mitochondria, and a poorly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and Golgi apparatus. As cells mature and begin their migration toward the lateral ductules, the SER and Golgi become more apparent, lysosomes are generated, and lipids begin to accumulate. Ultimately, cells terminally differentiate, a process associated with a marked increase in volume, a profusion of lipid-filled vesicles, and nuclear pyknosis. Cells then undergo holocrine secretion, which involves cellular autophagy, apoptosis, disintegration and the release of lipid-laden contents into the lateral ductules, the central duct, and eventually the ocular surface.1,60,64–67