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Mid-Gestation and Second Trimester
Published in Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz, Ultrasound of Mouse Fetal Development and Human Correlates, 2021
Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz
The development of the fetal mouse diaphragm begins at approximately 8.5 dpc with the formation of the septum transversum (13). A rapid increase in the presence of somites and muscle within the diaphragm occurs in the mouse from 12.5 dpc to 13.5 dpc; it is at this time point the diaphragm is able to be visualized in the mouse fetal via ultrasound (13). Of note, while human fetal respiratory movements are seen on ultrasound in the third trimester, the mouse fetus does not exhibit respiratory movements that are detectable by ultrasound technology.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Erin E. Perrone, George B. Mychaliska
A much less common type of diaphragmatic hernia, referred to as a Morgagni hernia, occurs anteromedially on either side of the junction of the septum transversum and the thoracic wall (Figure 13.14). Morgagni hernias differ significantly from Bochdalek hernias in incidence, severity, presentation, and treatment.
Normal and Abnormal Development of the Biliary Tree
Published in Gianfranco Alpini, Domenico Alvaro, Marco Marzioni, Gene LeSage, Nicholas LaRusso, The Pathophysiology of Biliary Epithelia, 2020
The chronology for development of the biliary tree is given in (Table 2) On the 18th day of gestation in the human embryo, when the embryo is 2.5 mm in length, the ventral floor of the distal foregut thickens and begins to protrude, forming the hepatic diverticulum. Over the next few days, this endodermal sprout grows in a cranioventral fashion towards the septum transversum, a mesenchymal plate that incompletely separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.15 The endodermal cells invade the mesoderm of the septum transversum as ramifying cords of cells, coincidental with the ingrowth of a sinusoidal vascular network from tributaries of the vitelline vein. The nascent liver is thus formed, and over the next three weeks of gestation grows rapidly and soon fills most of the abdominal cavity. The liver corpus separates from the septum transversum in the process; the mesenchymal residua becomes the diaphragm.
Embryogenesis of Ectopic Bronchogenic Cysts: Keep It Simple
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2020
Cohn et al. [2] provide the classical theory that bronchogenic cysts are generated as a result of abnormal bronchial budding of the small lung bud given from the ventral wall of the pharynx. Others have proposed an origin from an accessory lung bud [3] or from an accessory bronchus [4]. Besides, it should be understood that the primitive trachea and esophagus are packed in a mass of mesenchyme, which will be the future mediastinum. The mediastinum tissue is continuous with the root of the neck cephalad, and the septum transversum just below; the latter will form the tendinous center of the diaphragm. It follows that a detached bronchogenic cyst can be found in these regions, such as at the bifurcation of the trachea (most common), the posterior mediastinum, the chest wall [4]. The cyst may also abandon the diaphragm to invade the abdominal cavity, and end intraperitoneally or extraperitoneally, thus found in the liver or the adrenal gland [4].
Fabrication of a co-culture micro-bioreactor device for efficient hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Mousa Kehtari, Bahman Zeynali, Masoud Soleimani, Mahboubeh Kabiri, Ehsan Seyedjafari
During embryonic development, endothelial cells envelope liver bud-derived hepatoblasts and stimulate bud’s expansion and invasion into surrounding septum transversum mesenchyme [15]. Several studies have demonstrated that co-culturing primary hepatocytes or stem cells-derived hepatocyte-like cells with endothelial cells maintain hepatocyte maturation via paracrine signalling and cell–cell contacts [6,16]. On the other hand, in hepatic tissue, hepatocytes are permanently exposed to portal pressure in the form of fluid shear stress [17]. Despite the evidence indicating the importance of fluid shear stress on phenotype maintenance and metabolic activity of hepatocytes [18–20], few studies evaluated this factor in the hepatic differentiation.