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Neuroendocrine Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Homeostasis is accomplished through the initiation of tissue responses and adaptations as a consequence of endocrine gland release of a hormone directly into the circulation, or by neural function and neurotransmitter release. A secretory cell is the functional unit of an endocrine gland. Endocrine glands are ductless and manufacture, store, and secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released in very small amounts and have specific effects on specific target tissues. Some hormone and hormone-like substances are produced and act within a cell (autocrine function), or a hormone can be released from one cell but act in another cell without entering the circulation (paracrine function). Neurons synthesize, store, and release neurotransmitters, which act to relay information (action potentials) from neuron to neuron or from a neuron to an effector tissue such as a muscle fiber. Some neurotransmitters act as hormones such as epinephrine. Therefore, hormones and neurotransmitters released by the endocrine and nervous systems have “neurohormonal” properties and integrative functions and effects.
The Silver Lining
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Mark R Frey, Misty Good, Steven J. McElroy
Goblet cells are the major secretory cell located in the intestinal epithelium and are responsible for producing trefoil peptides, resistin-like molecule-β, Fcγ binding protein, and mucin (mucus) (85). Intestinal mucus is one of the key components of innate immunity (Figure 39.4) (86). Mucins are large glycoproteins that provide a physical barrier, facilitate removal of adherent bacteria, and aid in host nutrient digestion (87). They are expressed early in development and reach adult levels by 27 weeks of gestation (88). However, the mucus produced by immature intestinal tracts has different viscosity (89), buoyancy, and carbohydrate composition (90) than in adults.
Airway Repair and Adaptation to Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
S. F. Paul Man, William C. Hulbert
The other two secretory cell types, the mucous or goblet and serous cells, are present in both the mucosal epithelium and the submucosal glands. The term goblet cell was originally applied to the mucous cells as a descriptive term to denote the cell shape when they are engorged with secretory granules. There are important differences between the mucous and serous cells in the structure of their granules, the secretory process, their stimulation by various neural and humoral factors, and their distribution in the submucosal gland (Borson et al., 1980; Reid and Jones, 1980; Coles and Reid, 1981; Leikauf et al., 1984).
Current advances in cell therapeutics: a biomacromolecules application perspective
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Samson A. Adeyemi, Yahya E. Choonara
The overarching principle that govern effective cell therapeutics is the provision of longevity in the therapeutic management of secretory cell dysfunction. Successful cell therapies will be curative for chronic diseases and will be a huge benefit to patients and overburdened healthcare systems. The ability to overcome key challenges such as biomacromolecule selection (and modification), cell sourcing, cell adherence, evading a deleterious host inflammatory response, reducing the burden associated with repeated (and complex) implantation procedures and improving the safety profile is paramount. Compared with other specialized experimental treatments such as direct tissue infusion and gene therapy, cell therapeutics fulfil the critical requirements to be an effective long-term therapeutic intervention.
Gut microbiota shape the inflammatory response in mice with an epithelial defect
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Ran Wang, Md Moniruzzaman, Kuan Yau Wong, Percival Wiid, Alexa Harding, Rabina Giri, Wendy (Hui) Tong, Jackie Creagh, Jakob Begun, Michael A. McGuckin, Sumaira Z. Hasnain
Although both secretory cell ER stress and gut microbiota dysregulation can initiate inflammation, the relative contribution of these two parameters in driving colitis progression remains unknown. It is also unclear whether protein misfolding associated ER stress itself can directly trigger inflammation in the absence of microbiota, and whether inflammation influences the degree of ER stress experienced by epithelial cells, particularly in the cells that undertake substantial biosynthesis of proteins in the secretory pathway. In this study, we have used the Winnie spontaneous colitis model to address these questions demonstrating that in the absence of the microbiota, epithelial intrinsic protein misfolding initiates inflammation via downregulation of the anti-inflammatory regulators. Gut microbiota is required to fully activate and exacerbate inflammation however, protein misfolding still persists in the absence of microbes.
Advancements of compounds targeting Wnt and Notch signalling pathways in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
Zhuonan Pu, Fang Yang, Liang Wang, Yunpeng Diao, Dapeng Chen
In the intestine, Wnt signalling can instruct the early development of secretory cell lineages and the terminal differentiation of Paneth cells to maintain homeostasis [28]. Diminished Wnt signalling, especially reduced expression of its transcription factor TCF-4,mediates Paneth cell differentiation defects that result in the specific deficiency of Paneth cell defensins in humans, which is a primary (genetic) factor in IBD pathogenesis [12]. In addition, significantly reduced defensins and high bacterial killing activity were found in a TCF-4 knockout mouse, providing evidence for induction of colitis by abnormal Wnt activation [29].