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Neuroendocrine Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Homeostasis is accomplished through the initiation of tissue responses and adaptations as a consequence of endocrine gland release of a hormone directly into the circulation, or by neural function and neurotransmitter release. A secretory cell is the functional unit of an endocrine gland. Endocrine glands are ductless and manufacture, store, and secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released in very small amounts and have specific effects on specific target tissues. Some hormone and hormone-like substances are produced and act within a cell (autocrine function), or a hormone can be released from one cell but act in another cell without entering the circulation (paracrine function). Neurons synthesize, store, and release neurotransmitters, which act to relay information (action potentials) from neuron to neuron or from a neuron to an effector tissue such as a muscle fiber. Some neurotransmitters act as hormones such as epinephrine. Therefore, hormones and neurotransmitters released by the endocrine and nervous systems have “neurohormonal” properties and integrative functions and effects.
Dermal filler complications and management
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Granules are secretory vesicles which are found within the cytoplasm of cells. They act as a storage unit for substances to be used at a later date, and the granule allows them to be kept in an inert manner before being released into the extracellular environment when required.
Acquired Immunity
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
IgA, the next most abundant immunoglobulin, is synthesized by plasma cells in the submucosal areas. It is present as a secretory IgA (dimeric form) in saliva, tears, breast milk, bronchial fluids and gastrointestinal secretions. IgA protects the mucosa against microbial invasion and growth by activation of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade, as an opsonin, and by reacting with receptors on monocytes and neutrophils. The half-life of IgA is 6 days.
Intestinal accumulation of microbiota-produced succinate caused by loss of microRNAs leads to diarrhea in weanling piglets
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Xihong Zhou, Yonghui Liu, Xia Xiong, Jingqing Chen, Wenjie Tang, Liuqin He, Zhigang Zhang, Yulong Yin, Fengna Li
Diarrheal diseases are a global health problem in humans and livestock. Although the mechanisms of diarrhea has been studied for decades, diarrhea still causes substantial mortality and morbidity in humans. This is because the causes of diarrhea are complex, including infection with bacteria and viruses, adverse effects of drugs, alternations of diet composition, and intestinal inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.1 Meanwhile, the diarrhea incidence was significantly increased after antibiotic use was gradually banned worldwide in animal husbandry. Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic diarrhea based on the duration, and classified as watery or fatty or inflammatory diarrhea based on the characteristics of the stools. Secretory diarrheas, occurred acutely and caused by reduced absorption or increased secretion of water from the digestive tract, are one of the most important subtypes of diarrhea, particularly in children.1 As pigs have metabolic and genetic features similar to those of humans, they are emerging as an attractive and accurate biomedical model for the study of diseases.2,3 Notably, post-weaning piglets with high incidence of secretory diarrhea could be an appropriate model for studying the mechanisms involved in diarrhea, since infant weaning is one of the major causes of diarrhea in children.4,5
Anticalin® proteins: from bench to bedside
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Friedrich-Christian Deuschle, Elena Ilyukhina, Arne Skerra
Natural lipocalin proteins are found in diverse phyla of life and convey essential functions such as the storage, transport and/or excretion of chemically sensitive, hydrophobic, or noxious substances – for example vitamins, pheromones and steroids, or microbial siderophores [9]. As secretory proteins they are involved in essential biological processes within the blood or tissue fluids, including the regulation of cell growth and metabolism or the innate immune response. With a size of merely 160–180 amino acid residues, lipocalins exhibit pronounced homology in their tertiary structures despite surprisingly low amino acid sequence similarity [7,10]. Their highly conserved cup-shaped fold is dominated by a β-barrel, formed by eight circularly arranged antiparallel β-strands, as well as an adjacent α-helix (Figure 1(b)) [8].
Unsolved problems and new medical approaches to otitis media
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2020
Nicola Principi, Susanna Esposito
OME, also named glue ear, secretory otitis media or nonsuppurative otitis media, is an inflammatory condition characterized by the presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of active infection [58,59]. Although sometimes diagnosed in adults [57], it is considered a typical pediatric disease because approximately 90% of children suffer from OME before school entry [59], with the greatest frequency during the first two years of age, when the prevalence in the pediatric population is more than 60% [59,60]. OME can be acute and is usually diagnosed during or immediately after a URTI, mainly AOM. Fortunately, in most patients, acute OME tends to solve spontaneously within 3 months and does not cause significant sequelae. However, at least 25% of acute OME episodes do not resolve within this period. Middle ear fluid is not reabsorbed and persists longer. Moreover, approximately one third of the patients with a first episode of OME have recurrences within a short time. This means that many children suffer from chronic or recurrent OME that can lead to hearing loss lasting several months and, in the most enduring cases, to ear discomfort, vestibular and behavioral problems, poor school performance, speech abnormalities and reduced quality of life [61]. The risk of developmental difficulties is greater in subjects who already suffer from developmental or craniofacial disorders but is also relevant in otherwise healthy subjects. However, even in chronic cases, spontaneous healing can occur without sequelae.