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Transpiration of Water Through the Insect Cuticle
Published in Gheorghe Benga, Water Transport in Biological Membranes, 1989
Figure 1 summarizes the classic conception of sclerotin formation.3 But other milder forms of polymerization, some involving the inclusion of lipids, occur in the cuticular proteins. For example, there is evidence that so-called β-sclerotin can be formed by the combination of the side chains in acetyl dopamine with proteins without involving quinone production.4
Surgical management of lower limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury less associated with complications than non-operative management: A retrospective series of cases
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Alban Fouasson-Chailloux, Raphael Gross, Marc Dauty, Guillaume Gadbled, Sophie Touchais, Marc Le Fort, Brigitte Perrouin-Verbe
The physiopathology of bone demineralization in people with SCI remains a subject of study.4 Initial immobilization is known to be responsible for an early loss of bone density associated with hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria.1 It has been suggested that sclerotin could play a central role in early bone loss with a reduction of bone formation due to direct action on osteocytes and an indirect activation of bone resorption.4 Experimentally, mice with SCI have an increase of their osteoclastic potential in the sub-lesional bone marrow.21 Other specific ways are studied and seem to be involved in SCI bone loss, such as neural factors with a modification of the density of certain types of nerve fibers especially substance P nerve fibers.22 Hormonal modifications could also appear as potential explanations because leptine is known to be implicated in bone remodelling and an elevation of the leptine rate has previously been described in patients with SCI compared to able-bodied controls.23
Canalostomy is an ideal surgery route for inner ear gene delivery in big animal model
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2019
Xiao-Jun Ji, Wei Chen, Xiao Wang, Yue Zhang, Qian Liu, Wei-Wei Guo, Jian-Guo Zhao, Shi-Ming Yang
The investigator was blinded to group assignment and outcome assessment. Each Bama miniature pig in three groups was the same weight, age and gender. The same author operated the surgery through the whole process. Surgery was performed only in the right ear of each animal. The left ear served as a control. For inner ear gene delivery via posterior semicircular canal approach, Bama miniature pig was put on left lateral position for skin preparation and disinfection at the sulcus posterior of the right ear in the radius of 7 cm. A 5-cm incision from the top of the ear was made to expose the tuberous root bone surface. There is a small concave on the prominent bone surface between the left and right sides. In the concave and submandibular gland intersection, a 5-mm incision was cut downwards on the intersection between concave and submandibular gland to expose the external ear canal flap. The flap of the external auditory canal should not be pushed away. Muscles and connective tissues and fascial nerve were bluntly separated to expose the bone of horizontal semicircular canal (HSC). The HSC was the landmark of PSC. PSC was perpendicular to the HSC, and the osseous of PSC was exposed. A small hole was drilled in the PSC with a micro probe and then left open for a couple of minutes until there was no obvious perilymph leakage. In the canalostomy the tube was introduced into a hole drilled in the PSC and was directed toward the crus commune. The 20 μL AAV1-GFP was injected into PSC by a micro-injection pump at the rate of 2 µl/min. After the inoculation, the cannula was removed and the hole was sealed by a piece of muscle tissues, followed by suture and disinfect. For trans-round window membrane approach, the bone was grinding until the flap of the external auditory canal was exposed. The flap of the auditory canal was pushes away by gelatin sponge to expose the tympanum. Coarse facial nerve and tympanic cord were observed. Sclerotin covered by facial nerve was removed carefully to expose the RWM, trying to avoid damaged facial nerve and tympanic cord. The virus was also injected into scala tympani slowly by a micro-injection pump at the rate of 2 µl/min. Next, the adipose tissue was packed adequately and the wound was sutured and disinfected by iodophor.