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Infectious Optic Neuropathies
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Imran Rizvi, Ravindra Kumar Garg
Chikungunya is also transmitted by bite of infected Aedes mosquitos. Clinical features of chikungunya infection are fever, headache, joint pain, myalgia, rash or sometimes multi-organ dysfunction. Ocular involvement is described in the form of uveitis, sclerites, retinitis, vitritis, retinal detachment and optic neuropathy. Optic neuropathy in chikungunya can occur at the time of acute infection. A direct viral infection or an immune-mediated damage of optic nerve are possible etiopatho genetic mechanisms. Corticosteroids are often used. The visual prognosis is generally good.28
The biology of parasites from the genus Argulus and a review of the interactions with its host
Published in G. F. Wiegertjes, G. Flik, Host-Parasite Interactions, 2004
Peter D. Walker, Gert Flik, Sjoerd E. Wendelaar Bonga
Streamlined bodies, however, do not provide all the necessary tools to keep an ectoparasite attached to its host and argulids typically show an array of structures that assist in keeping the parasite connected to its food source. Not surprisingly the attachment structures are all located on the ventral surface of the animal which is the surface that is found to be in contact with the animal’s host organism. The most conspicuous of these structures are the large maxillary suckers. These suckers are actually modified first maxillae (commonly referred to as ‘maxillules’). Their chitinous support structures (formed by rods composed of sclerites stacked on top of each other, (Benz and Otting, 1996), and associated musculature provide a powerful suctorial action that keeps these animals ‘stuck’ to their hosts. These suction cups are positioned upon a moveable stalk, allowing the parasite to move the suckers independently across the host’s surface, and this means that the louse can travel over the body of its host with relative ease and surprising speed! In addition to these highly specialized structures, argulids also possess modified first antennae that appear as hooks. Numerous small setae, spines and bristles are also believed to play a role in attachment and may also have a defence purpose. These various spines and scales can be observed on the majority of the ventral surface.
A deep learning analysis of Drosophila body kinematics during magnetically tethered flight
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2023
Geonil Kim, JoonHu An, Subin Ha, Anmo J. Kim
We imaged the flies at 60 frames per second, using a camera positioned below the animal while it was illuminated by infrared LEDs located above the bottom magnet. The camera was externally triggered by an Ubuntu computer via a USB-connected microcontroller board (Teensy, PJRC), and the trigger signal was stored on the Windows computer using WinEDR, along with the stimulus position and type signals. The acquired images were stored on the Ubuntu computer using a software called Fview, which estimated the timestamp for each image frame (Straw & Dickinson, 2009). To analyze body kinematics, we used the deep learning-based software called DeepLabCut (Mathis et al.,2018). For a group of flies (6–10 flies), we selected 20–30 image frames from each fly movie and labeled them on a Windows computer in an Anaconda environment (Anaconda Inc., https://docs.anaconda.com). We then used Google Colab to train the DeepLabCut neural network for the labeled images and applied the trained network to analyze all movies from which the training image frames were derived. The results of the analysis, i.e. the coordinates of each body part for individual image frames, were further analyzed in Matlab (Mathworks) to calculate angles for different body parts such as thorax, abdomen, legs, head yaw angles (Figure 1(B)). The leg angle was calculated by taking the mean of the angles of the left and right legs from the cervical sclerite.