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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Short chain saturated fatty acids, including acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, are formed during fiber fermentation in the proximal colon. They are quickly absorbed by portal circulation and transported to the liver where they are transformed into glucose. Importantly, butyric and partially also propionic acids are used in metabolism, proliferation and restoration of colon cells (70). Other functions of short chain saturated fatty acids in the colon also include stimulation of water, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate absorption and blood flow through mucous membrane of the colon. Other roles are proliferation of colon cells, mucus production, limited reproduction of saprophytic bacteria and putrefaction due to decreased acidity (70). As previously cited, long chain saturated fatty acids such as lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids have significant atherogenic and thrombogenic potentials and increase levels of cholesterol, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or ‘bad’ cholesterol (70). These saturated fatty acids are mainly abundant in butter, lard, beef tallow, poultry skin, coconut oil, cocoa butter, palm kernel oil, chocolate, and so on.
Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sherweit El-Ahmady, Nehal Ibrahim, Nermeen Farag, Sara Gabr
The content of unsaturated fatty acids ranges from 66% to 80% and predominates saturated fatty acids (Barros et al. 2010). The dominant fatty acid was petroselinic and oleic acid at 75.0–82.8%, followed by linoleic acid, palmitic, stearic and myristic acid. About 21 fatty acids were identified and quantified from fennel including caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and arachidic acid, (Badgujar et al. 2014). This is also reported for the aerial parts and fruits of F. vulgare subsp. piperitum collected from North-Western Mediterranean coastal strip near El-Salloum, Egypt (Al-Snafi 2018).
Concept of Nutrition
Published in Anil Gupta, Biochemical Parameters and the Nutritional Status of Children, 2020
The caloric value of dietary lipids is 9 kcal per gram of lipids. It is recommended that an adult individual must take nearly 60–90 g of fats daily in their diet. Additionally, the calorie intake from the saturated fatty acids and trans-fatty acids must be reduced to 10% and 0–2% of total calories per day, respectively.
The association between serum fatty acids and pregnancy in PCOS women undergoing ovulation induction
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Mingyue Li, Ye Tian, Yonghuan Lv, Yanping Xu, Xiaohong Bai, Huijuan Zhang, Yanxia Wang, Xueru Song
Fatty acids, which provide an essential energy resource, are crucial to reproduction as they affect ovulation and embryo quality [4]. Depending on molecular structure, fatty acids are classified as saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). According to the position of the first carbon double bond from methyl carbon, unsaturated fatty acids are divided into n – 3, n – 6, n – 7, and n – 9 series. According to the different spatial structure of fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids are divided into cis fatty acids and trans-fatty acids (TFAs). Studies of the relationship between fatty acids and reproductive diseases have received increasing attention. However, the influence of different types of fatty acids on reproductive diseases is still controversial. Although most studies suggest that supplementing n – 3 PUFAs, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), could significantly improve hyperandrogenism, obesity, chronic inflammation, and oocyte quality [5] as well as have beneficial effects on pregnancy achievement in PCOS patients [6]. An retrospective study of 1228 women attempting pregnancy found that a higher level of serum total PUFAs was associated with lower probability of pregnancy [7].
Risk of Malnutrition and Insufficient Protein Intake among Older People Living at Home: Baseline Findings of the Power Meals Study
Published in Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2022
Petra Rautakallio-Järvinen, Susanna Kunvik, Marika Laaksonen, Maritta Salonoja, Leila Fogelholm, Merja Suominen, Harri Sievänen, Henri Vähä-Ypyä, Irma Nykänen, Ursula Schwab
Protein intake was insufficient among most of the participants. Daily protein recommendation for the elderly in Nordic countries is 1.2–1.4 g/bw/d23 and only 17.9% of participants achieved this recommendation. Mean protein intake was 0.90 g/aBW/d which was similar to the earlier studies done among caregivers in Finland.24,25 We used the adjusted body weight to estimate the prevalence of insufficient protein intake as this approach may be more sensitive to detect the population at risk and it has been used in many earlier studies examining protein intake in older adults.26,27 Higher protein intake was associated with better nutritional status, higher number of warm meals and better appetite. The mean intake of fiber was 17 g/d which was below the recommended minimum 25 g/day for women and 35 g/day for men.23 Intakes of fiber, folate, iron and vitamin D were also lower than recommended which is in line with previous studies.28,29 Insufficient intake of fiber was more common among home care clients. Intake of saturated fatty acids was higher than recommended in almost all participants (94%).
Virgin Coconut Oil-Induced Neuroprotection in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Rats is Mediated, in Part, Through Cholinergic, Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Nur Syafiqah Rahim, Siong Meng Lim, Vasudevan Mani, Nurul Aqmar Mohamad Nor Hazalin, Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed, Kalavathy Ramasamy
Whilst giving due credit to the present findings, concerns over high saturated fatty acids in coconut oil (CO) (in general) and risk of heart disease should not be taken lightly. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis by Neelakantan et al. (2020) on the effect of CO consumption on cardiovascular risk factors, for example, found CO to significantly increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) when compared to nontropical vegetable oils. Nevertheless, yet another recent systematic review and meta-analysis by Teng et al. (2020) on the impact of CO consumption on cardiovascular health highlighted that out of 4 studies that had reported a simultaneous rise in HDL-C and LDL-C, only one study used extra-VCO or VCO (unrefined CO). Subsequent subgroup analysis showed that when extra-VCO or VCO was used, no significant effect on LDL-C was observed. In spite of its better lipid profile, the high saturated fatty acids in VCO still raise the need to ascertain the safe and optimal concentration of VCO especially for long term consumption (Lim et al. 2020).