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Consumer Safety Considerations of Cosmetic Preservation*
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Corie A. Ellison, Alhaji U. N’jai, Donald L. Bjerke
Reproductive toxicity refers to the wide variety of toxicological effects of a substance on different phases of the reproductive cycle. Any agent that causes an adverse effect in a developing embryo or fetus at doses that are not toxic to the mother is a developmental toxicant or teratogen. The number of known developmental toxicants is extensive and includes biological entities (rubella virus), physical entities (x-rays), and a diversity of chemicals including pharmaceuticals like thalidomide and diethylstilbestrol; however, ingredients at current use concentrations in cosmetics are not teratogens (36–40).
Teicoplanin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Anouk E. Muller, Inge C. Gyssens
There is a limited amount of data on the use of teicoplanin in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity at high doses. The potential risk for humans is unknown. Therefore, teicoplanin should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary. A potential risk of inner ear and renal damage to the fetus cannot be excluded (Summary of Product Characteristics, 2014).
Determination
Published in David Woolley, Adam Woolley, Practical Toxicology, 2017
Examples of reproductive effects with particular substances include testicular atrophy seen with the fumigant dibromochloropropane, teratogenicity with vitamin A or alcohol, transplacental carcinogenesis with diethylstilbestrol, and many more. Indirect effects through hormonal imbalance are also a frequent cause of reproductive toxicity, and specialist studies may be needed to investigate these. The presence of compounds that accumulate in animals is an environmental issue of some concern; for example, many organochlorines have been found to accumulate in marine mammals, although the effects of these have not necessarily been elucidated (Vos et al. 2003). Until recently, reproductive toxicity was relatively resistant to mechanistic explanation in contrast to other toxicities, although the number of elucidated mechanisms is increasing. Broadly, agents that affect cell division, apoptosis, membrane integrity, and other factors that are essential to organ differentiation and development are likely to have effects on the fetus. Hormonal disturbance may affect fertility, parturition, and lactation, and straightforward pharmacological action may impact on normal behavior at any point to disrupt normal reproductive processes.
Clinico-hematological, serum biochemical, genotoxic and histopathological effects of trichlorfon in adult cockerels
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Riaz Hussain, Farah Ali, Muhammad Tariq Javed, Ghazalla Jabeen, Abdul Ghaffar, Iahtasham Khan, Saima Liaqat, Tariq Hussain, Rao Zahid Abbas, Asif Riaz, Shafia Tehseen Gul, Muhammad Taslim Ghori
Trichlorfon being an important member of organophosphate is frequently used in agriculture throughout the world and its volume is tremendously increasing in developing countries. The exact mechanism of trichlorfon toxicity is still under debate. However, accidental and occupational exposure to this pesticide causes serious adverse effects including cancer, mutagenic and reproductive toxicity in human beings (Fernandes et al.2015, Yonar et al.2015). Moreover, it is observed that trichlorfon inhibits acetylcholinesterase which results in accumulation of acetylcholine at nerve endings and disrupts the functions of nervous system (Fernandes et al.2015). The possible mechanisms of toxicity of trichlorfon might be because of complex tissue changes including disruption of endocrine functions, neurotoxicity, abnormalities in metabolic conditions, developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity. In published literature information regarding the toxic effects of trichlorfon in poultry is very scarce (Oliveira et al.2002). Thus, this study for the first time indicate the adverse effects of trichlorfon on physical, hemato-biochemical, histopathological, and mutagenic effects in sexually mature white leghorn male cockerels exposed to different concentrations.
Response to the letter to the editor: Comment on “The need for contraception in patients taking prescription drugs: a review of FDA warning labels, duration of effects, and mechanisms of action” by Zhang et al.
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2019
Our primary goal was to provide a comprehensive overview of ALL drugs with potential negative effects. We do not disagree that some of these agents may be of relatively minor concern because the existing data are highly dependent on studies in animals or mechanistic data, which do not necessarily translate to effects in humans. However, we intended the review to serve as a reminder that reproductive toxicity is a possible side effect of drugs from diverse classes, with diverse structures, and with unrelated mechanisms of action. In addition, unless the risk of fetal harm is zero, the warning should continue to be included, and the possible risk should be explained to the patient.
Cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic evaluation of Alibertia edulis (rich.) a. Rich. ex DC: an indigenous species from Brazil
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Sara Emilia Lima Tolouei, Giseli Karenina Traesel, Fernando Freitas de Lima, Flávio Henrique Souza de Araújo, Caroline Honaiser Lescano, Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso, Silvia Aparecida Oesterreich, Maria do Carmo Vieira
In conclusion, the in vitro experiments showed that the AEAE exhibited potent antioxidant activity as well as high contents of bioactive compounds that are of paramount importance for preventing cancer and cardiovascular protection. Even though the AEAE demonstrated some toxicity in A. salina, it did not alter the cell viability of the platelets and presented no cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity at the doses tested in rats. However, further studies (such as reproductive toxicity) should be performed in order to proceed to clinical studies.