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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Lobar Pneumonia The infectious nature of lobar pneumonia was described by Austrian physician, Theodor von jürgensen (1840–1907), in 1874. Theodor Edwin Klebs (1834–1913) came to the same conclusion a year later and the bacteria in lobar pneumonia were first observed by Carl Joseph Eberth (1835–1926) in 1880. Similar bacteria were isolated from patients with lobar pneumonia by Carl Friedlander (1847–1887) in 1882. The presence of pneumococcal cocci in pairs was noted by C. Talmon around the same time. The occurrence of arterial anoxemia in cases of lobar pneumonia was first shown by Alvin Leroy Barach (1895–1977) and M.N. Woodwell in 1921 and their work formed the basis for oxygen therapy in pneumonia. See pneumococcal vaccine, quellung reaction.
Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in adults in Turkey between 2015 and 2018
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Gulsen Hascelik, Guner Soyletir, Zeynep Gulay, Banu Sancak, Akgun Yaman, Nezahat Gurler, Sabire Sohret Aydemir, Gulcin Bayramoglu, Faruk Aydin, Yesim Cekin, Asuman Birinci, Cuneyt Ozakin, Nezahat Akpolat, Betil Ozhak Baysan, Meral Gultekin, Yasemin Zer, Laser Sanal, Cigdem Arabaci, Yasemin Ay Altintop, Candan Ozturk, Mehmet Ceyhan
Microbiological analyses were conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory of Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine. All collected samples were frozen and kept at -800C in glycerol before analysis. Strains were identified by the presence of alpha haemolysis, optochin susceptibility test, lysis by sodium deoxycholate and latex tests (BD Directigen, Becton Dickinson and Company, USA) to detect pneumococcal antigen and MALDI-TOF for the differentiation of S. pneumoniae from other mitis group streptococci [21]. Serogrouping was performed using latex particle agglutination, and serotyping was performed by the conventional Quellung reaction using commercial type-specific antisera (Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark). In addition, S. pneumoniae strains were analysed for penicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin and moxifloxacin susceptibilities by E-test (AB Biodisk, Sweden). Results were evaluated according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI−2021) standards. According to CLSI-2021 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints for parenteral penicillin were ≤2 susceptible, 4 intermediate, ≥8 resistant for non-meningitis specimens and ≤0.06 susceptible, ≥0.12 resistant for meningitis specimens. MIC break points for cefotaxime were ≤1 susceptible. 2 intermediate, ≥4 resistant for non-meningitis specimens and ≤0.5 susceptible, 1 intermediate, ≥2 resistant for meningitis specimens [22]. Penicillin and cefotaxime susceptibilities were explicitly interpreted for the strains isolated from either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or other specimens.
Bacterial nasopharyngeal carriage following infant immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines according to a 2+1 schedule in children in South Africa: an exploratory analysis of two clinical trials
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Marta C. Nunes, Marta Moreira, Anthonet Koen, Nadia van Niekerk, Lisa Jose, Clare L. Cutland, Nancy François, Sonia Schoonbroodt, Javier Ruiz-Guiñazú, Juan Pablo Yarzabal, Dorota Borys, Lode Schuerman, Shabir A. Madhi
Microbiological assessments of the nasopharyngeal swabs were performed at the same bacteriology laboratory (National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa) using the same methods in both trials. Conventional bacteriological methods were used for the culture and identification of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and S. aureus isolates [35,36]. For serotyping of S. pneumoniae isolates, the Quellung reaction was used in both trials [40]. Pneumococcal serotypes 6C and 6D were differentiated from serotypes 6A and 6B by the Quellung reaction. H. influenzae confirmation was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serotyping by slide agglutination and PCR. NTHi confirmation by PCR was performed at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD; Johannesburg, South Africa) for the PCV7 trial and at DDL Diagnostic Laboratory (DDL; Rijswijk, the Netherlands) for the PHiD-CV trial. No comparison was performed between the PCR assays used to confirm the identification of NTHi isolates at NICD (targeting the genes bexA/hpd) and at DDL (targeting the genes lgtC/P6).
The impact of vaccination on the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease from a nationwide surveillance program in Lebanon: an unexpected increase in mortality driven by non-vaccine serotypes
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Lina Reslan, Nour Youssef, Celina F. Boutros, Aia Assaf-Casals, Danielle Fayad, Sarah Khafaja, Fata Akl, Marc Finianos, Amena A. Rizk, Rouba Shaker, Alissar Zaghlout, Mireille Lteif, Bassam El Hafi, Mohammad Bahij Moumneh, Rita Feghali, Soha Ghanem, Tamima Jisr, Gilbert Karayakoupoglou, Malak Naboulsi, Monzer Hamze, Salam Samad, Elie Khoury, Ricardo Sarraf, Marwan Osman, Elie Bou Raad, Hadi El Amin, Ibrahim Abadi, Hicham Abdo, Marwan Chedid, Fatima Chamseddine, Angelique Barakat, Mohammad Houmani, Antoine Haddad, Georges Abdel Nour, Jacques E. Mokhbat, Ziad Daoud, Mohamad El-Zaatari, Elie Salem Sokhn, Nada Ghosn, Walid Ammar, Randa Hamadeh, Ghassan M. Matar, George F. Araj, Ghassan S. Dbaibo
Serotyping was performed using a sequential multiplex PCR method as previously described (available at https://www.cdc.gov/streplab/downloads/pcr-us-clinical-specimens.pdf) [29]. Seven reactions composed of different primers sets were performed to determine serotypes/serogroups of pneumococcal isolates as earlier defined. In addition to each reaction-specific set of primers, an internal positive control for a conserved region in the pneumococcal cps operon (cpsA) and a negative control were added to each reaction. Due to high genotypic similarities between the capsule loci of certain serotypes and the unavailability of specific primers, we were unable to discriminate some serotypes within a particular serogroup; these included 9 V/9A, 11A/11D, 15A/15 F, 15B/15C, 18A/18B/18C/18 F; 9 N/9 L; 7 F/7A; 7C/7B/40 F, 10 F/10C/33, 24A/B/F, 35A/35C/42, 35 F/47 and 38/25. To differentiate serogroup 6 isolates, we used a serotype-specific PCR assay to identify serotypes 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D based on a combination of three PCRs, using specific primers as previously described [34,35]. Some of the isolates were serotyped initially by Quellung reaction such as 6, 9 N/9 L, 9 V/9A and 18 as previously published [29]. Later, as identification of serogroups by Quellung reaction became unavailable to us, we used multiplex PCR exclusively and these latter serotypes were identified as 6A/B/C/D, 9 N/9 L, 9 V/9A or 18. If the serotype was not detected by the seven reactions, the strain was classified as non-typeable (NT). Moreover, we divided the serotypes into vaccine types (VT) and non-vaccine types (NVT). VT represent those targeted by conjugate vaccines available in Lebanon (PCV7, PCV10, PCV13) whereas NVT represent all the remaining serotypes.