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The Roles and Regulation of Prostaglandins within the Uterus
Published in Robert E. Garfield, Thomas N. Tabb, Control of Uterine Contractility, 2019
Murray D. Mitchell, Sharlene Adamson, Curtis Coulam, Roberto J. Romero, Sarah Lundin-Schiller, Michael S. Trautman
The absolute configuration of the prostaglandins was defined by Nugteren et al.7 and is the basis for the extended modern nomenclature. Prostaglandin is a generic term for a closely related family of 20 carbon carboxylic acids. They are most easily envisaged as derivatives of the hypothetical prostanoic acid (Figure 1). As with all fatty acids the 20 carbon skeleton is numbered consecutively from the terminal carboxyl function, although when necessary it may be numbered from the terminal methyl group by addition of the prefix w, such that C-20 = w-1. The aliphatic side chains project from the cyclopentane ring in a trans configuration with the chain containing the carboxyl function being assigned the α configuration to define its position in relation to the average plane of the ring. The α orientation thus refers to substituents nominally below the plane of the ring and the β orientation to substituents above the plane of the ring.
Postreceptor Mechanisms of Growth Factor Action
Published in Enrique Pimentel, Handbook of Growth Factors, 2017
The prostaglandins can be considered as chemical derivatives of a hypothetical 20-carbon prostanoic acid cytoskeleton. Two compounds derived from linoleic acid (an essential fatty acid) are involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins; dihomo-γ-linoleic acid (eicosatrienoic acid) and arachidonic acid (eicosatetranoic acid). While dihomo-γ-linoleic acid gives origin to prostaglandins of the 1 series, arachidonic acid is a precursor of the 2 series. The polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors are incorporated into cell membrane phospholipids. Prostaglandins are universally present in mammalian cells and are generated from the unsaturated fatty acid precursors by membrane-bound enzymes called prostaglandin synthetases. The predominant precursor of prostaglandin synthesis in mammalian cells is arachidonic acid, which is split from the cell membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A2.
Prostaglandin receptor agonists as antiglaucoma agents (a patent review 2013 – 2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019
Andrea Angeli, Claudiu T Supuran
The side aliphatic chain with the carboxylic function of prostanoic acid was replaced by a benzoic acid moiety and the aliphatic side chain was reduced to two atoms of carbons. The second moiety, instead, was replaced by different aromatic scaffolds in particular containing fluorine atoms. These compounds showed high affinity for the EP4 receptor showing an EC50 values from 10 to 1000 times lower than other prostaglandin receptors[64].