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Neuromuscular Physiology
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
In 1906, Sherrington (167) noted that proprioceptors consisted of end organs that are “stimulated by the body itself.” Proprioceptors are somatosensory organs found in locations such that information concerning various aspects of position and movement such as joint angle, muscle length–tension–speed characteristics, and contact with surfaces can be accumulated and “interpreted” by the nervous system. These types of proprioceptors are in essence mechanoreceptors. The nervous system can use this information to adjust the following muscle actions by way of feedback loops. Much of this sensory “guidance” can operate in negative feedback loops forming reflexes, allowing motor activity to become self-regulating.
Vertigo
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Your vision is useful for balancing because it allows you to see the position of your own body. Some people with vertigo only notice a balance problem when their eyes are closed, and physicians can use this as a test—comparing your balance with your eyes open to your balance when your eyes are closed—to narrow down the possible types of brain dysfunction (Killeen et al., 2019). Proprioception is a person's ability to use feedback from the nerves in their body parts to determine what position those body parts are currently occupying—such as being able to tell whether your arm is currently by your side or above your head. Proprioception can be involved in other disorders, as well (see Somatoparaphrenia).
Ataxia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Children with chronic liver disease, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, and abetalipo-proteinemia have difficulty absorbing vitamin E and have low serum vitamin E levels. Ataxia, areflexia, and loss of proprioception can develop. The neurological deterioration can be partially arrested with vitamin E supplementation.6
Laser-Pointer assisted angle reproduction test (LP-ART): reliability, performance, and correlation with shoulder pain and disability in patients with subacromial pain syndrome
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Isabela Forcin Favaro, Jaqueline Martins, Denise Martineli Rossi, Eduardo de Lima Boarati, Mayra Felippe de Morais, Anamaria Siriani Oliveira
Proprioception refers to the ability to integrate sensory information for mechanoreceptors or proprioceptors and determine the joint position sense and movements of the body segments in the absence of visual feedback (Han et al. 2016). Proprioception can be evaluated by the active or passive sense of joint positioning, joint movement (kinesthesia), and force (Riemann and Lephart, 2002). Passive joint position sense evaluation seems to be more reliable than active joint tests of the shoulder complex (Ager et al. 2017). However, active joint position sense evaluation better reproduces the similarity between assessment and functionality in the context of daily life than other tests (Han et al. 2016; Lönn, Crenshaw, Djupsjöbacka, and Johansson, 2000; Suprak, Osternig, Donkelaar, and Karduna, 2006).
Effect of robotic-assisted ankle training on gait in stroke participants: A case series study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Gonzalo Varas-Diaz, Paul Cordo, Shamali Dusane, Tanvi Bhatt
Muscle vibration is a potent and selective stimulus for muscle spindle Ia afferents (Burke, Hagbarth, Lofstedt, and Wallin, 1976), which are sensory receptors that provide the brain with a key source of proprioceptive input to control movement. Vibration has been shown to rapidly increase cortical somatosensory representations of the vibrated body part (Forner-Cordero et al., 2008) and to improve motor coordination in persons following stroke (Marconi et al., 2011; Noma et al., 2009; Paoloni et al., 2010). In the absence of proprioception, coordinated movement and motor learning are severely compromised, as seen in people with pan-sensory neuropathy (Gandevia and Burke, 1992). Mechanical vibration applied to a muscle at a stationary joint at frequencies between 30–70 pulses/s (Cordo et al., 1993) can evoke simultaneous illusions of static joint displacement and continuous motion (i.e., velocity) (Gandevia and Burke, 1992; Goodwin, McCloskey, and Matthews, 1972) consistent with elongation of the vibrated muscle(s). During movement, if vibration is applied to a muscle while it is being elongated, the perceived displacement and velocity of motion is enhanced. The interventional device used in this study employs vibration during muscle lengthening as a means of selectively augmenting proprioceptive feedback of the assisted motion to the brain during training.
Spinal automaticity of movement control and its role in recovering function after spinal injury
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Proprioception provides rapid feedforward information about the spatial location of each body segment at any given time. Prochazka and Gorassini concluded in 1998: ‘Our overall conclusion is that to a first approximation, large muscle afferents in the cat hindlimb signal muscle velocity, muscle length, and muscle force, at least in movements of the speed and amplitude seen in locomotion’ [14]. To further emphasize the potential influence of spindle afferents in shaping spinal networks, they estimated that assuming that all the muscle afferents in a limb fire at comparable mean frequencies (around 80/sec and assuming about 10,000 of them in the hindlimb), the mean input to the spinal cord during locomotion would be 800,000 action potentials/sec in a single step cycle of a cat. Visual input may serve as a substitute for proprioception, but its response time is much too slow, routinely requiring approximately 1000 ms between the visual trigger and a kinematic response [15,16]. Instead of proprioception from the hindquarters of a cat being processed supraspinally and then instructing the spinal circuitry to excite the intended action, we propose that the fact that proprioceptive information is continuously conveyed directly to distal motor pools amplifies it importance. The significance of proprioception is apparent in individuals who have lost all proprioception of the lower body and are severely paralyzed despite having anatomically normal supraspinal inputs (including vision) to the lower body.