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Psycho-Immunomodulatory Benefits of Aromatherapy
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
It has been observed that the essential oil of Allium sativum and a number of its organosulfur compounds enhanced efficient responses in segregated human neutrophils, resulting in enhanced production of ROS and calcium flux (Schepetkin et al., 2019). Essential oil of Boswellia carterii revealed a powerful immunomodulatory effect when established on lymphocyte multiplying assay. The peripheral venous lymphocytes were activated by the plant lectin (phytohaemagglutinin) in humans, and the mitogenic response brought about by the existence of frankincense essential oil was similar to that of recognised immunostimulants like levamisole and water-based extract of Echinacea purpurea (Mikhaeil et al., 2003). This activation was combined with the manifestation of genes entailed in the production of reactive oxygen species. Correspondingly, the management with essential oil suppressed the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1, putting forth an anti-inflammatory outcome. In one of the studies conducted by Giovannini, the essential oil of Lavandula escalated the innate response of the immune system by activating the process of phagocytosis (Giovannini et al., 2016); it also lessened a subsequent inflammatory reaction hence supporting and harmonising the general immune response. Achillea millefolium (yarrow) is a fragrant herb utilised in alternative medicine, and its indispensable oil is utilised in aromatherapy (Peterfalvi et al., 2019).
Interleukin-1 Inhibitors and Their Significance in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Monoclonal Antibodies, Cytokines, and Arthritis, 2020
Gloria C. Higgins, Arnold E. Postlethwaite
The assay most commonly used to detect IL-1 inhibitors has been the thymocyte costimulation or comitogenesis assay (85,86). The basis for this assay is the ability of IL-1α or β to enhance the in vitro proliferation of mouse thymocytes stimulated with a suboptimal dose of plant lectin. Proliferation is measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA. The lectins concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin are usually employed. These mitogens, which have binding specificity for oligosaccharides, are presumed to bind glycosylated moieties on the cell surface and signal activation and proliferation (87). The specific binding sites and signal transduction mechanisms are not well understood, but cross-linking of T cell receptors is probably involved (72,75,88). With large (mitogenic) doses, binding of lectin is sufficient to cause activation, proliferation, and concomitant production of and/or responsiveness to lymphokines (89). With small (sub-mitogenic) doses of lectin, exogenous IL-1 must be supplied to give comparable proliferation.
Inherited Defects in Immune Defenses Leading to Pulmonary Disease
Published in Stephen D. Litwin, Genetic Determinants of Pulmonary Disease, 2020
Ataxia telangiectasia is an autosomal recessive condition in which the two most constant features are progressive cerebellar ataxia and oculocutaneous telangiectasia, both of which become evident in the second to sixth year of life [143]. The immune defects in this disease have been most carefully examined [144,145]. IgA is often low or absent, IgE may be deficient, while other Ig classes are usually normal. The lack of uniformity from case to case is striking. The response of blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, skin testing for cellular immunity, and homograft rejection are frequently deficient, implicating defective cellular immunity. Thymus abnormalities have been found at autopsy. There is a strikingly high incidence of malignancy particularly of the reticulendothelial system [145]. Cytogenetic studies have observed chromosomal rearrangements [143], clonal populations of cells which may expand [146], and a consistent abnormality of human chromosome 14.
Evaluation of Radiation Sensitivity in Patients with Hyper IgM Syndrome
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
Saba Fekrvand, Hossein Mozdarani, Samaneh Delavari, Mahsa Sohani, Farzad Nazari, Fatemeh Kiaee, Yasser Bagheri, Gholamreza Azizi, Gholamreza Hassanpour, Sohail Mozdarani, Hassan Abolhassani, Asghar Aghamohammadi, Reza Yazdani
The G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity assay was carried out based on Scott et al. (Scott 1999) protocol with slight modifications. Heparinized blood samples were collected from all participants prior to culturing and were kept at room temperature for about four hours. Two tissue culture flasks were prepared for each blood sample including: a) in vitro γ-irradiation laboratory and b) spontaneous chromosomal abnormalities investigations (not-radiated). 0.5 ml of blood sample along with 4.5 ml Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 1% L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin was added to each flask. Lymphocyte proliferation (Life Technologies GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany) induction was performed by Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 1 μg/ml).
miR-155 influences cell-mediated immunity in Balb/c mice treated with aflatoxin M1
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Kobra Shirani, Bamdad Riahi Zanjani, Soghra Mehri, Kamal Razavi-Azarkhiavi, Ali Badiee, A. Wallace Hayes, John P. Giesy, Gholamreza Karimi
Proliferation of lymphocytes was determined in triplicates as previously described (Mosmann 1983). One hundred microliter aliquots of splenocytes, standardized at 2 million cell/mL, were pipetted into a 96-well microtiter plate. Phytohemagglutinin-A (PHA) was added to each well at a final concentration of 5 µg/ml. After incubating for 48 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2, cell proliferation was determined by the MTT-based assay. A 10% solution of 3-(4, 5-diamethyl-2-thiazolyl) 2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium (MTT; 5 mg/ml) was added to each well and incubated 4 h at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. The blue formazan precipitate was then dissolved in acidic isopropanol and the optical density was measured at 570 nm in a Stat-Fax™ Elisa Reader. The index of proliferation (PI) was calculated as follows (Equation (1); Riahi et al.2010).
Safety and efficacy of using heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137: High-dose and long-term use effects on immune-related safety and intestinal bacterial flora
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Hiroko Nakai, Shinji Murosaki, Yoshihiro Yamamoto, Michiko Furutani, Rumiko Matsuoka, Yoshitaka Hirose
An ex vivo proliferation assay for participant whole blood lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was done by LSI Medicine. In brief, blood samples were diluted to a fixed dilution rate and cultured with or without an optimal dose of PHA, and then pulse-labeled with [3H]-thymidine. At the end of this period, DNA synthesis reflecting cellular division/proliferation was assessed by measuring thymidine uptake in cells. White blood cell sub-populations (percentages of lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes), and relative numbers of CD2+ T-cells and CD20+ B-cells were determined via flow cytometry performed at LSI Medicine using standard labeling protocols with fluorochrome-labelled antibody against each specific marker.