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Ischemic Inhibition of Calcium Slow Current in the Heart
Published in Samuel Sideman, Rafael Beyar, Analysis and Simulation of the Cardiac System — Ischemia, 2020
Presumably, yes. People now are trying to keep the channel alive, and they are getting more successful. They are putting ATP and the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the outside bath. Protease inhibitors are also being used, as well as inhibitors of phosphoprotein phosphatase. There is limited success in keeping the channel alive for a longer time. This success may be somehow related to the factors which I just mentioned.
Nonhistone Nuclear Phosphoproteins
Published in Lubomir S. Hnilica, Chromosomal Nonhistone Proteins, 2018
Phosphoprotein phosphatase is also present in nucleoli. Olson and Guetzow partially purified and characterized a nucleolus-associated phosphoprotein phosphatase from Novikoff hepatoma cells.141,142 In this regard, the phosphatase may be as important as the protein kinase in determining the overall pattern of phosphorylation. As discussed earlier, Kang et al.122 found that the profile of in vitro labeling was dependent on the type of divalent cation present. For example, protein B23 was not labeled in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2, but was labeled when 5 mM ZnCl2 was added to the system. The greatest overall uptake of 32P from [γ-32P] ATP into total proteins was also found in the presence of ZnCl2. It is interesting to note that Zn2+ was also a very effective inhibitor of phosphoprotein phosphatase.142 Differential metal ion effects may not have their basis at the kinase level, but certain metals may selectively inhibit phosphatases, thereby modulating the turnover of phosphate on specific proteins.
Growth Factors
Published in Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard, The Adrenal Medulla 1986 - 1988, 2017
Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard
Rowland, Muller, Goldstein et al. (1987) developed a cell-free assay to detect and to characterize nerve growth factor-activated protein kinase activity. Cultured PC12 cells were briefly exposed to nerve growth factor and then extracts of these cells were assayed for phosphorylating activity. Nerve growth factor-treated cells showed 2 to 3 times more incorporation of phosphate than controls did. Activation did not occur if the growth factor was added directly to cell extracts. The increase in phosphorylation appeared to be due to regulation of a protein kinase rather than of a phosphoprotein phosphatase. The kinase appears to be a novel enzyme that Rowland et al. (1987) designated “kinase N.” A number of characteristics of kinase N were evaluated.
Integrated analysis of mRNA–m6A–protein profiles reveals novel insights into the mechanisms for cadmium-induced urothelial transformation
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Bin Wu, Xu Jiang, Yapeng Huang, Xiaoling Ying, Haiqing Zhang, Bixia Liu, Zhuo Li, Dengfeng Qi, Weidong Ji, Xingming Cai
Comparison of the mRNA expression profiles of CdCl2-treated samples and normal control samples identified 9491 DEGs, among which 4700 genes were upregulated and 4791 genes were down regulated (Figure 1(A)). With respect to biological processes, DEGs were mainly enriched in the regulation of RNA and protein catabolization; regulation of transition in mitotic cell cycles; epithelial tube formation; regulation of mRNA metabolic process; and regulation of activities of various enzymes such as phosphatase, GTPase, phosphoprotein phosphatase, and protein kinase. The DEGs were also enriched in response to various stimuli and regulation of the Wnt signalling pathway. With respect to cellular components, DEGs were mainly enriched in components of membranes of various organelles. For molecular function, DEGs were mainly enriched in DNA, RNA, and protein binding; the activity of various enzymes; exchange factors; protein demethylase; and voltage-gated anion channel (Figure 1(B)).
Biomarkers for bipolar disorder: current status and challenges ahead
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Antonio L. Teixeira, Gabriela D. Colpo, Gabriel R. Fries, Isabelle E. Bauer, Sudhakar Selvaraj
According to the National Human Genome Research Institute Catalogue of Published GWAS studies [86], there are 97 studies published to date with a focus on BD. These have identified associations with 961 loci with varying levels of genome-wide significance in different populations and specific phenotypes. The strongest hits are described in Table 3 and include genes with reported roles in calcium signaling (CACNA1C), hydrolase activity (TRANK1), cell cycle control (MAD1L1), cytoskeleton (ANK3), fatty acids metabolism (FADS2), secretory pathways (LMAN2L), phosphoprotein phosphatase activity (PPM1M), transcription factor activity (NFIX), neuronal connectivity (ODZ4), among others. It is worth mentioning that enrichment analyses found limited overlap between blood-based proteomics, as discussed in the previous section, and genetic loci identified in GWAS in BD [74].