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Value-Added Products and Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Wastes
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Ranjay Kumar Thakur, Rahel Suchintita Das, Prashant K. Biswas, Mukesh Singh
It is a source of dietary fiber, especially pectin with concentration about 10-15% (dry basis) depending upon the variety [24]. According to Younis et al. [184], apple pomace has versatile functional properties, such as: diffusion retardation index in glucose, emulsifying activity, holding capacity of water-oil, and antimicrobial activity. The most reasonable utilization for apple pomace is the pectin production [21, 42]. Apple pomace also contains large amount of non-starch polysaccharides, high amounts of insoluble fiber, and soluble fiber [28, 57, 177, 164]. By the addition of dried apple pomace powder, fiber-enhanced bakery products were formulated with wheat flour [28, 164]. The cake is prepared by powder of apple pomace that contains high amount of dietary fiber and phenolic content [109]. Apple pomace contains phloretin glycosides, chlorogenic acid and quercetin glycosides [26, 96]. Catechins and procyanidins are also present in waste of apples [56].
Anti-Cancer Agents from Natural Sources
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Felipe Gonzalez
Chalcones are polyphenols having diverse bioactivities. In nature, chalcones consist of two aromatic rings joined together by a three-carbon α, β-unsaturated carbonyl systems (Orlikova et al., 2011) (Figure 5.14). Chalcones area previliged class of molecules in fabaceae (pea) family. Many chalcones demonstrated various cytotoxic activities through multiple mechanisms which include angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cessasion of cell cycle. Their antineoplastic efficiencies are documented in some malignant cells, e.g., leukemia (HL60), stomach (AZ521), and lung (A549) cancers (Karthikeyan et al., 2014). One of the prominent medicinally active dihydrochalcones is phloretin. This important chalcone is isolated from the apple tree leaves and is found to be useful in skin rejuvenation. Recent studies conducted on phloretin with cisplatin have revealed amazing results in lung malignant like A549, Calu-1, H838, and H520 cell lines. Phloretin (a dihydrochalcone) significantly decreased the expression of the essential protein Bcl-2 in H520 cell lines. Studies further demonstrated that phloretin activated caspase-3 and -9 to adopt apoptosis in H520 neoplastic cells. In H828 malignant cells, phloretin inhibited MMP-2 and-9. This observation was also documented in A549. A similar study conducted in Calu-1 neoplastic cells demonstrated that cisplatin with the aid of phloretin led to higher degree of apoptosis than cisplatin alone (Ma et al., 2015).
Genetic Variants of Na Transport Systems in Human Red Cells
Published in Ronald L. Nagel, Genetically Abnormal Red Cells, 2019
The pHistimulated Na influx (pHi = 6.6, Nao = 75 mM) is of the order of 4 to 6 mmol/ ℓ cell/ hr, being a half of the flux amiloride sensitive; that is to say, at least 10 times higher than that of the Li/Na exchange at pH equilibrium of 7.4. The system reaches maximal rate at pHi = 6, pH0 = 8, and at Nai = 0. Ongoing studies in our laboratory are being designed to investigate whether or not the Na/Na exchange pathway is a mode of operation of the Na/H exchange transport system.41,42 The Na/Na exchange at pH > 7 has a very low capacity (0.1 mmol/ℓ cell/ hr) and high affinity for lithium, it is DIDS and phloretin sensitive, and insensitive to amiloride and to metabolic starvation. The Na/H exchange instead has a high capacity (20 to 50 mmol/ℓ cell/ hr at Nai = 0, pHi = 6, pH0 = 8). It is insensitive to phloretin, stimulated by an increase in cytosolic calcium,39 and inhibited by amiloride and metabolic starvation.
The regulatory effect of flavonoids extracted from Abutilon theophrasti leaves on gene expression in LPS-induced ALI mice via the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Chunlian Tian, Xiaoyun Chen, Yu Chang, Ruxia Wang, Jing Ning, Cancan Cui, Mingchun Liu
It is currently recognized that the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways are the principal anti-inflammatory functional mechanistic pathways in LPS-induced ALI and flavonoid compounds are important chemical constituents for the suppression of inflammation by regulating cellular signaling pathways (Li et al. 2014; Yeh et al. 2014; Chu et al. 2016; Liu DD et al. 2016; Tsai et al. 2017). Luteolin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavonoid) can inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, NO, inflammatory cytokines, and iNOS and COX-2 expression in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells following NF-κB signaling pathway activation (Liu CW et al. 2016). It was reported that phloretin mechanistically attenuates the symptoms of inflammation and oxidative stress via blockade of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in ALI mice (Huang et al. 2016). Five flavonoid components from Nepalese propolis, namely, isoliquiritigenin, chrysin, 3′,4′-dihydroxy-4-methoxydalbergione, 4-methoxydalbergion, and cearoin, exhibited anti-inflammatory activities by regulating the NF-κB pathway (Funakoshi-Tago et al. 2016). Vitexin alleviated inflammatory responses by activating important MAPK signaling pathways, such as p38, ERK1/2 and JNK (Rosa et al. 2016).
Inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence factors of cariogenic oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans by natural flavonoid phloretin
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Lucille Rudin, Michael M. Bornstein, Viktoriya Shyp
In order to gain more knowledge on antibacterial mechanisms of flavonoids and to explore their structure-activity relationship against one of the main cariogenic bacterium, S. mutans, a flavonoid with a strong antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against several pathogenic microbes, phloretin [55], has been tested in this study. Phloretin is a dihydrochalcone, a natural plant-defence antioxidant compound found mainly in apples, pears, and strawberry fruit. Dihydrochalcones, similar to other flavonoids with antibacterial properties, act mainly by damaging cell membranes via direct interaction of their free hydroxyl groups with phospholipids and other biological molecules in bacterial membranes and cytoplasm [56]. This correlates well with the documented antibacterial activity of phloretin against multiple Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus, L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium [57]. In this study, phloretin showed a prominent concentration-dependent antibacterial, and, therefore, antibiofilm effect against S. mutans. At concentrations above 400 μg/ml, it completely diminished bacterial growth and viability in planktonic culture upon 24 h of incubation (Figure 1, S1). CLSM also revealed the impact of phloretin on S. mutans viability in biofilm (Figure 3). Staining of surface-associated S. mutans cells with two fluorescent nucleic acid stains, PI and SYTO 9 for dead and live cells, respectively, revealed that, in concentration-dependent manner, phloretin substantially reduced the proportion of live cells and increased the proportion of cells with damaged cellular membrane.
In vitro anti-inflammatory potential of phloretin microemulsion as a new formulation for prospective treatment of vaginitis
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Despite the satisfactory safety profile of phloretin and its promising nature in a variety of applications, its physicochemical properties hindered its preclinical and clinical efficacy. In the current study, phloretin microemulsion was proven to be a promising anti-inflammatory formulation that can be used for topical treatment of vaginal inflammation. The comparable potency of phloretin microemulsion to NSAIDs delineates it as a promising therapeutic alternative, with lesser side effects, and, hence, it is worthy of future in vivo and clinical experimentation.