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Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Respiration contributes to the total heat exchange between the body and the environment by the evaporation of humid air and by convective heat loss through the breathing cycle. Insensible perspiration is the process of a small, but continuous evaporative heat loss via the skin and the respiratory tract. At the skin, this loss is due to a diffusion of water vapor, which can easily be detected by weighing the body (Houdas and Ring, 1982). The predominant source of water content in the skin is sweat production, mainly produced as a thermoregulatory response, but also elicited by various pathologies leading to generalized, regional, or focal hyperhidrosis (Ammer and Ring, 2019). While the water content of the skin due to insensible perspiration provides the basic condition of skin conductivity for direct (galvanic) current, psychogenic sweating contributes to the variation of galvanic skin response (GSR). The periodic blood pressure waves of the arterial pulse are associated with skin temperature alterations. The temperature associated with perfusion is best seen at re-perfusion when external occlusion is released. Autonomic control of microcirculation may be detected in thermal images of the face. This approach attracted recently large interest in psychophysiology (Ioannou et al., 2014), particularly, for the evaluation of emotions (Clay-Warner & Robinson, 2015).
Introducing the sensory systems and interoception
Published in Chia Swee Hong, Heidi Rumford, Alex Cole, Sensory Motor Activities for Early Development, 2020
Chia Swee Hong, Heidi Rumford, Alex Cole
Bodily sensations that can be felt when in the stress response include: an increased heart rate, to pump the blood around the body faster; and our vision and hearing senses are heightened to help us become more alert to perceived dangers. The liver releases sugar to give us that extra energy. We experience increased perspiration as the body tries to cool itself. Our muscles tense, ready for action, and the body releases the hormones adrenaline and cortisol. When a child is in fight or flight, the situation can often lead to emotional responses such as fear and anger (Powell 2017).
Pathophysiology behind adipose tissue deposition in lymphedema and how liposuction can completely reduce excess volume
Published in Byung-Boong Lee, Peter Gloviczki, Francine Blei, Jovan N. Markovic, Vascular Malformations, 2019
The patient alternates between the two sets of garments (two sleeves and two gloves) during the first week at home, changing them every other day so that a clean set is always put on after showering and lubricating the arm. Then garments are changed daily. Washing “activates” the garment by increasing the compression due to shrinkage. It also removes products of perspiration that can cause dry and irritated skin.
The influence of air humidity on human heat stress in a hot environment
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Andrzej Sobolewski, Magdalena Młynarczyk, Maria Konarska, Joanna Bugajska
These conditions allow shedding of excess heat from the human skin, although intense perspiration is hardly perceptible as the skin appears to be dry. Energy necessary to the perspiration process is provided by surrounding hot and dry air. This is called exogenous heat coming from outside the body. Let us assume that the surface skin temperature tsk of a person staying under these ambient conditions changed over time from about 36 to 40 °C (tsk= 43 °C is considered acceptable in a hot environment) and skin humidity at its surface was 100% due to the sweating process [4]. Then, the water vapor pressure on its surface changed from 5.95 to 7.38 kPa. It was therefore 2.5–3 times higher than the water vapor pressure in the ambient air, which was 2.4 kPa. The difference in pressure between the environment and the skin caused intensive evaporation of sweat from the skin surface. This phenomenon was triggered by a high energy necessary for this process to occur.
Circannual variations in physiological response during unsteady-workload exercise
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2018
Kazuki Nishimura, Hidetaka Yamaguchi, Koji Nagasaki, Sho Onodera, Noboru Takamoto
During recovery after exercise, HR was significantly higher in summer than in winter, whereas the reactivation of the cardiac parasympathetic nervous was significantly delayed in summer. Additionally, physiological responses similar to those noted during exercise were observed for at least 10 min after exercise. Finally, diastolic BP was significantly lower in summer than in winter, suggesting that, when planning exercise routines that are to be performed in summer, one should consider that longer rest periods are required between exercise bouts because cardiovascular response is delayed. In winter, cardiovascular response during post-exercise recovery is greater, and when exercise is accompanied by sweating, the rate of decrease in body temperature (which was increased by the influence of low environmental temperature) and the heat of vaporization caused by perspiration increase (Japanese Society of Biometeorology, 1992). In other words, during exercise after rest, exercise performance might decline and the risk of injury associated with exercise increases.
A systematic evidence-based review of treatments for primary hyperhidrosis
Published in Journal of Drug Assessment, 2021
Michael E. Stuart, Sheri A. Strite, Kristin Khalaf Gillard
Botulinum toxin reduces sweating by blocking nerve signals responsible for producing perspiration50, and onabotulinum toxin A (BOTOX8) is FDA-approved for treatment of severe axillary hyperhidrosis. Ten studies on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin in hyperhidrosis treatment are included in this review (six in axillary hyperhidrosis, three in palmar hyperhidrosis, and one in both; Table 3). The literature search yielded more studies for botulinum toxin type A injections than for any other treatment; studies evaluated use of botulinum toxin A in both axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis. The evidence for the efficacy of botulinum toxin type B studies did not meet our inclusion criteria.