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The Microbiome – Role in Personalized Medicine
Published in David Perlmutter, The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
It is now widely accepted that the status of the gut microbiome is linked to inflammatory cytokine production and alteration in metabolism. Disturbed gut microbiome composition is commonly referred to as dysbiosis and is linked to the increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-17.37 These inflammatory cytokines are produced in response to the presence of metabolites from a dysbiotic microbiome, including palmitoleic acid metabolism and tryptophan degradation to tryptophol. The bacterial metabolites associated with dysbiosis shape the intestinal immune environment in part by regulating the NLRP6 inflammasome.38 One study of the immunomodulatory effect of 53 individual gut bacterial species found that most gut microbes exerted specialized, complementary, and redundant transcriptional effects. The research team behind this work concluded the following: “Microbial diversity in the gut ensures the robustness of the microbiota’s ability to generate a consistent immunomodulatory impact, serving as a highly important epigenetic system.”39 Imbalances in the composition of the microbiome can result in dysbiosis that can shift the immunomodulatory status into a Th1 dominant state that favors inflammation.
Fatty Acid Composition of Adipose Tissue Triglycerides
Published in Fernand P. Bonnet, Adipose Tissue in Childhood, 2019
Fernand P. Bonnet, J. Senterre
The s.c. fat in obese children is said to contain proportionally more palmitic and oleic acid and less stearic and linoleic acid than in age-matched normal children; however, these differences are slight and not significant.4 In the same group of obese children, a significant increase in myristic and palmitoleic acid content and a significant decrease in linoleic acid content have been observe in cases of recent onset obesity; no difference was found between normal and obese children whose weight excess had lasted for more than 2 years. This presumably indicates that in this group of obese children, the majority of excess calories ingested during the dynamic stage of obesity comes from carbohydrates. A similar change in epididymal fat composition has been described in the hypothalamic obesity of rats and mice.32,34
The Atkins Diet
Published in Caroline Apovian, Elizabeth Brouillard, Lorraine Young, Clinical Guide to Popular Diets, 2018
Laura E. Matarese, Glenn K. Harvin
Volek and colleagues conducted a detailed analysis of the effects of dietary intervention on weight loss and metabolic and lipoprotein markers.11 Forty overweight subjects with dyslipidemia were randomized to a low-carbohydrate diet or a low-fat diet over a 12-week period. Both diets were energy-restricted and overall caloric intake was similar for both groups. Each of the dietary interventions resulted in improvements in metabolic parameters. The low-carbohydrate group had reduced glucose (−12%) and insulin (−50%) concentrations, insulin sensitivity (−55%), weight loss (−10%), and decreased adiposity (−14%). The low-carbohydrate group also demonstrated a more favorable lipid profile including a reduction of triacylglycerol (−51%) and increase in HDL cholesterol (13%) and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (−14%) response. The low-carbohydrate diet also demonstrated positive effects on other cardiovascular risk factors including postprandial lipemia (−47%), Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-1 ratio (−16%), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle distribution. The saturated fatty acids in the triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters and palmitoleic acid were significantly decreased in the low-carbohydrate group compared to subjects consuming the low-fat diet.
Mitochondrial disruption in isolated human monocytes: An underlying mechanism for cadmium-induced immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2022
Ulfat M. Omar, Ekramy M. Elmorsy, Ayat B. Al-Ghafari
Compositional analyses of mitochondrial membranes in these cells indicated that there was a major shift in presence of select lipids caused by the 1 µM CdCl2. After 24 hr of treatment, 1 µM CdCl2 caused significant elevations in levels of oleic, linoleic, and docosahexaenoic acids and concurrent significant decreases in the levels of palmitic, steric, and arachidonic acids (Figure 5(A–G)). The levels of change (increase) from control cell values were to 110.3 [± 10.1], 114.4 [± 7.2], and 114.1 [± 8.5]% of oleic, linoleic, and docosahexaeoic acid levels in control cells. The levels of change (decrease) from control cell values were to 84.0 [± 10.7], 90.3 [± 6.4], and 84.1 [± 8.8]%, respectively, for palmitic, steric, and arachidonic acids. Only levels of palmitoleic acid were not significantly impacted by the Cd treatments (either level). As above, the 0.1 µM CdCl2 imparted no significant effect on the lipid profiles in this same timeframe. The net result of all these changes was a significant increase in the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio within the mitochondria of the cells (i.e. shift from 0.40 [± 0.02] for control cells to 0.50 [± 0.01] for the 1 µM CdCl2-treated cells; Figure 5(H)).
Rich fatty acids diet of fish and olive oils modifies membrane properties in striatal rat synaptosomes
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Adriana Morales-Martínez, Absalom Zamorano-Carrillo, Sergio Montes, Mohammed El-Hafidi, Alicia Sánchez-Mendoza, Elizabeth Soria-Castro, Juan Carlos Martínez-Lazcano, Pablo Eliasib Martínez-Gopar, Camilo Ríos, Francisca Pérez-Severiano
The fatty acid composition of striatal synaptosomal membranes was evaluated by gas chromatography. Our results show that EPA (C20:5n-3) was significantly increased in striatal synaptosomes from rats fed with FO diet, representing about 300% over control and OO groups. Moreover, palmitic acid (C16:0) from the FO group and palmitoleic acid (C16:1) from the OO group, diminished significantly as compared to the control diet. In synaptosomes from OO diet rats, we observed a rise in oleic acid (C18:1n-9) (Table 1). The differences in the content of several fatty acids were relevant, the monounsaturated (oleic acid, C18:1n-9) and polyunsaturated (EPA, C20:5n-3) fatty acids showed an increased level while the saturated (palmitic, C16:0 and palmitoleic, C16:1 acid) fatty acids were lower in comparison to control.
Plasma fatty acids as markers for desaturase and elongase activities in spinal cord injured males
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Lynnette M. Jones, Michael Legge
The results from this study indicate that there are significant differences between serum fatty acids for the SCI and control groups in the four major groups of fatty acids investigated (saturated fatty acids, SFA; monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA; n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6 PUFA, and n-3 PUFA). Taking these results into consideration, we investigated the inter-relationship of the fatty acid desaturases and elongase activities between both groups. High concentrations of palmitic acid (C16:0) and low concentrations of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and proportionately elevated palmitoleic acid (C16:1) have been described as characteristic of individuals with high insulin levels and at risk for metabolic syndrome.11,14 Previously, it has been demonstrated that stearoyl – CoA destaturase (a liver microsomal enzyme) is the rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of palmitoleoyl and oleoyl CoAs from their respective substrates palmitoyl and stearoyl CoAs, via a Δ9 desaturation reaction.24,25 However, direct analysis of this enzyme in human material is difficult and the ratios of the fatty acids oleate (C18:1/stearate (C18:0) and palmitoleate (C16:1)/palmitate (C16:0) are reliable analytes to indicate surrogate enzyme activity.9,12