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Radiation Damage of the Reproductive Organs
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
Animal studies show that a reduction in dose rate significantly decreases cell death in both young and adult mice. At a lower dose rate, the survival of oocytes in adult mice is much greater than that in young mice. The sensitivity of ovarian stem cells in the rat increases to a maximum when the incidence of mitosis in oogonia is highest. The sensitivity of oocytes to radiation varies as a function of the stage of development. In addition, the radiation response of oocytes varies considerably with (1) age, (2) species, (3) inbred and outbred strains, (4) stage of growth of the follicles that surround oocytes, and (5) chromosomal configuration. It has been suggested that the variation in radiation response of the oocyte is due to a variation in chromosomal configuration. If the oocytes have lampbrush chromosomal loops that are condensed and surrounded by a dense sheath of ribonucleoprotein, they are radioresistant; however, if the oocytes have highly extended chromosomes surrounded by a thin sheath of ribonucleoprotein, they are radiosensitive.
Etiopathogenesis of endometriosis
Published in Seema Chopra, Endometriosis, 2020
The last possibility of stem cell involvement in endometriosis is the differentiation of the peritoneal, hematopoietic, or ovarian stem cells into endometrium-like tissue. Cytokines flow between the uterine cavity and the peritoneal cavity through the fallopian tubes. This connection may regulate the endometrium-like differentiation of the resident stem cell population in the peritoneal cavity.
Gametogenesis
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
A dogma challenged: For a good part of the twentieth century, the prevailing dogma was that the ovaries of mammals, including humans, did not contain stem cells after birth. By the time a baby girl was born, all of her fetal oogonia had progressed to being primary oocytes; in other words, all of her fetal ovarian stem cells had ceased being stem cells and had begun to differentiate. Early in the twenty-first century, researchers began to accumulate evidence that this was not the case, and postnatal human ovaries may indeed contain stem cells. For a recent review of postnatal oogenesis in humans, see https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376261/.
A bibliometric analysis of primary ovarian insufficiency from 2010 to 2020
Published in Climacteric, 2022
Z.-H. Deng, H.-J. Tan, L. Wang, P.-P. Long, D. Guo, R.-P. Quan, M.-H. Zeng, H.-W. Deng, H.-M. Xiao
In addition, induced pluripotent stem cells can also be induced into oocyte-like cells, but these cells had the abnormal configuration of chromosomes owing to lack of meiosis. It had a fertilization capacity but only can develop into the eight-cell stages [36]. Although these oocyte-like cells may not survive in vitro for a long time, they can play an important role in some oocyte cytoplasmic applications. These cells may help treat patients with POI caused by mitochondrial genetic variation. Moreover, some researchers believe ovarian stem cells exist in female mammals and they can differentiate into new oocytes to replenish the follicular pool [37–39], but the conclusion remains controversial [40–43]. If yes, it will be possible to culture and differentiate ovarian stem cells to form functional gametes.
Immune vulnerability of ovarian cancer stem-like cells due to low CD47 expression is protected by surrounding bulk tumor cells
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Chih-Long Chang, Chao-Chih Wu, Yun-Ting Hsu, Yi-Chiung Hsu
In this study, we successfully enriched mouse murine and human ovarian cancer stem-like cells through escalating concentrations of chemotherapeutic drug selection and attachment-free spheroid cultures. Many reports supported that a self-renewing subpopulation of cancer-initiating cells could be enriched among established human tumor-derived cell lines through similar approaches.8,11-13 The proportion of ovarian stem cells was is increased in response to platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapies and to a combination of both drugs.8,14 There are also different approaches to identify and purify CSCs. Although those CSCs successfully met the criteria of stemness both in vitro and in vivo in most studies, it remains to be determined whether these isolated cells possess identical characteristics in other biological or molecular aspects. On the other hand, gene expression profiles are considerably heterogenous in the published data on cancer stem or stem-like cells, even though the same isolation protocols have been used.
First data on in vitro fertilization and blastocyst formation after intraovarian injection of calcium gluconate-activated autologous platelet rich plasma
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2018
E. Scott Sills, Natalie S. Rickers, Xiang Li, Gianpiero D. Palermo
Clinical use of platelet concentrates (also termed platelet rich plasma, PRP) is perhaps best known for managing thrombocytopenia to improve hemostasis. However, PRP also includes numerous soluble mediators which orchestrate complex immune responses and tissue regeneration [1]. Closely associated with inflammatory signaling, PRP figures prominently in tissue regeneration and orchestrates a regulatory interplay of cellular migration, extracellular matrix remodeling, cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and angiogenesis [2] in response to widespread cell damage. Following trauma or local ischemia as with myocardial infarction or stroke, platelets are among the first cells to arrive and, following activation, emit a multitude of biologically active mediators to rectify the tissue insult [3]. Notably, the human ovary is covered by an epithelial monolayer which sustains cyclic ‘injury’ and local tissue repair with each ovulation. While resident stem cells have been thought crucial for the regeneration needed for hemostasis and organ integrity here, the identity and mode of action for these cells remains incompletely characterized. Although recent research has opened a doorway into ovarian stem cell biology [4,5], clinical explorations in this field have thus far been limited.