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Osteoid Osteoma
Published in Kelechi Eseonu, Nicolas Beresford-Cleary, Spine Surgery Vivas for the FRCS (Tr & Orth), 2022
Kelechi Eseonu, Nicolas Beresford-Cleary
The symptoms and imaging are suggestive of osteoid osteoma. Osteoid osteoma accounts for 13.5% of all benign tumours. Most of those affected are young; approximately one-half are in the 2nd decade of life at presentation. The most common symptom is bone pain, which often worsens at night. The pain is thought to be mediated by release of prostaglandins, which helps explain the relief experienced after prostaglandin inhibitors such as NSAIDs such as aspirin.
Introduction and Review of Biological Background
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Bone is constantly being remodeled, with 10% of a young adult’s skeleton per year regenerated. The remodeling process is influenced by genetics, physical stresses, growth factors, hormones, and nutrition. The well-ordered process of remodeling has three basic steps: activation, resorption, and formation. Activation of osteoclasts by parathyroid hormone (PTH), physical forces, and other means leads to generation of a cutting cone about 400 μm wide and 2 to 10 mm long in around 20 d. Behind the cutting cone, the defect is filled by neovascularization and osteoblasts, which produce a cement line composed mostly of proteoglycans to wall off the cone. Osteoid matrix is synthesized by osteoblasts. Osteoid matrix is mostly Type I collagen, with other proteins and proteoglycans. Mineralization of osteoid matrix starts 8 to 10 d after osteoid formation, and the filling cone is refilled in around 80 d. Mineralization of the filling cone is complete by 300 to 400 d. It is apparent that synthesis of proteoglycans is a seminal event in osteoid formation, followed closely by collagen synthesis. The ability of bone to remodel allows bone to slowly adapt to its physical load forces and strains, as well as quickly respond to and repair damage.
The locomotor system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Bone is initially laid down as a non-mineralized protein-rich form known as osteoid. Over the next 10 days or so, osteoid becomes mineralized to form bone. The mineral matrix accounts for two-thirds of bone mass; its main component is hydroxyapatite (Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2). Substantial amounts of sodium, potassium, magnesium, carbonate, and citrate are also present.
Osteoid osteoma mimicking refractory juvenile arthritis in a pediatric patient
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2022
CA Baert, J Shoelinck, C Galant, C Boulanger
Histology of the resected lesion by open surgery revealed an osteoid osteoma. After the surgery, the pain quickly resolved and the persistent joint limitation was treated by intensive physiotherapy to recover normal joint mobility, with good evolution. Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone tumour, affecting patients between 10 and 20 years of age, the majority of whom are male (1–4). Different localizations are possible and were described by Kayser et al in 1998, the most frequent localization being intracortical (about 75% of lesions) (4). These so-called ‘classical’ lesions generally involve the diaphysis or metaphysis of the long tubular bones (the tibia and femur being the most frequent) and consist of a radiotransparent ‘nest’ located in the centre of a fusiform cortical thickening (1).
Application of nanoparticles in drug delivery for the treatment of osteosarcoma: focussing on the liposomes
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Wenqing Liang, Yongqiang Dong, Ruyi Shao, Songou Zhang, Xudong Wu, Xiaogang Huang, Bin Sun, Bin Zeng, Jiayi Zhao
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents and ranks third among adults [1]. The OS incidence rates vary and depend on age, sex, race and other factors. For instance, the incidence in males and females varies from 3 to 5 and 2 to 4 per million, respectively [2]. OS develops primarily in long bones, such as femur, humerus and tibia, and is characterised by deposition of transformed osteoblasts producing the osteoid matrix [3]. Similar to other cancers, various approaches have been used for OS treatment. Although with the advent of chemotherapy regimens to treatment approaches, including methotrexate (MTX), etoposide (ETP), ifosfamide (IFS), cisplatin and doxorubicin, the 5-year survival in patients with localised OS has reached 78%, this rate in patients with metastasis drops to 20% [3,4]. Despite great achievements, the efficacy of chemotherapy agents in the treatment of OS is limited due to the development of resistance and their side effects [5]. To increase the efficacy of chemo-drugs and address these drawbacks, several nanoplatforms have been developed for targeted drug delivery in the treatment of OS.
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Osteosarcoma
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2020
Leissan R. Sadykova, Atara I. Ntekim, Musalwa Muyangwa-Semenova, Catrin S. Rutland, Jennie N. Jeyapalan, Nataliya Blatt, Albert A Rizvanov
The pathogenesis of osteosarcoma remains largely unknown; however, correlation between bone growth during childhood/puberty and tumor risk diagnosis suggest that growth factors could play a role in the onset of the disease (15,16). Osteoid is commonly found in osteosarcoma, suggesting that osteoblasts can be involved in the tumor development (17). However, genetic and epigenetic changes in osteosarcoma cells imply their primitive origin (18–20). Another important feature of these cells is their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types including osteoblasts (21). There are currently two primary competing hypotheses regarding the cellular origin of osteosarcoma: mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and the osteoblast (22–25). Both hypotheses are based on results from in vitro and in vivo studies.