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Regenerative Medicine in Pain Management
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Sharon McQuillan, Rafael Gonzalez
Bone marrow MSCs are a population of cells found in bone marrow that are different from blood cells in a variety of ways. They are multipotent stem cells, giving them the ability to differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat cells. Additionally, they can support the formation of new blood cells. Two types of stem cells originate in bone marrow—hematopoietic stem cells and MSCs. There are also endothelial progenitor cells that have the capacity to form new vasculature. Hence, they have similar capabilities to stem cells.
Dentin-Pulp Complex Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Amaury Pozos-Guillén, Héctor Flores
There are two types of stem cells: embryonic and postnatal. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into any cell type as well as maintaining an undifferentiated state. These cells are plastic and have the capacity to develop into various specialized cell types with an enormous potential for tissue regeneration. Postnatal stem cells have been isolated from various tissues including bone marrow, neural tissue, dental pulp and periodontal ligament. These are multipotent stem cells capable of differentiating into more than one cell type, but not all cell types (Antoniou 2001).
Adipose Tissue-Derived Adult Stem Cells
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Laura Aust, Lyndon Cooper, Blythe Devlin, Tracey du Laney, Sandra Foster, Jeffrey M. Gimble, Farshid Guilak, Yuan Di C. Halvorsen, Kevin Hicok, Amy Kloster, Henry E. Rice, Anindita Sen, Robert W. Storms, William O. Wilkison
New evidence has forced a paradigm shift in the concept of an “adult stem cell”.1 First, recent evidence suggests that transplanted bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells not only differentiate along the hematopoietic pathway, but are also found as mature cells in the skin, brain, muscle, intestinal epithelium and liver of recipients.2-9 Second, it has been observed that bone marrow-derived stromal cells are multipotent.10-11 Bone marrow stromal cells differentiate along the osteoblast, adipocyte, cardiac myocyte, neuronal, and other pathways.10-13 Similar multipotent stem cells have been derived from other adult tissues, including the dermis,9 skeletal muscle,14a,b and adipose tissue.15-18 It is now accepted that these “adult stem cells” display a wide range of plasticity that extends across traditional embryologic dermal boundaries.1
Connexins in the development and physiology of stem cells
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2021
Anaclet Ngezahayo, Frederike A. Ruhe
Adult multipotent stem cells originating from different tissues, such as the corneal limbus, periodontal ligament, skin, bone marrow, or fat tissue, have been analyzed.95,96 With respect to Cx expression, Cx43, Cx32 and Cx31.9 are normally expressed.97,98 Other additional Cx isoforms, such as Cx26, Cx37, and Cx45, are also expressed but to a lesser extent.54,98,99 Among the Cx isoforms recognized by PCR in MSCs, only Cx43 is expressed, which has been revealed by western blotting or immunostaining experiments.54,97,100,101 The expression of other isoforms, such as Cx31.9, Cx32, and Cx45, has been sporadically reported.97,101 Due to the availability of analytical tools such as antibodies, Cx43 has been intensively studied in the stem cell research field. The danger is to extrapolate the results on Cx43 to other isoforms or to consider the other Cx isoforms as unimportant for the physiology and differentiation of the different stem cells. Careful observation of the cells in development has revealed that other Cx isoforms play a role and should be considered as well. The challenge is to invest in the development of tools and to take time to understand the specific role of each Cx isoform on stem cell physiology and differentiation.
Towards osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells on PCL-PEG-PCL/zeolite nanofibrous scaffolds
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Mahdieh Alipour, Marziyeh Aghazadeh, Abolfazl Akbarzadeh, Zahra Vafajoo, Zahra Aghazadeh, Vahideh Raeisdasteh Hokmabad
Treatment of critical-sized bone defects due to trauma, tumor resection and congenital reasons is a major challenge for maxillofacial surgeons. The autografts are usually considered in these defects. However, the morbidity of the donor site and limited availability compromise the application of this method [8]. On the other hand, bone tissue engineering is a promising approach for bone reconstruction with fewer complications compared to autografts [9–11]. Tissue engineering is a combination of scaffolds, cells, and bioactive substance. The scaffold in bone tissue engineering should have biodegradability, biocompatibility and mechanical strength [12]. The nanoscale substrate in bone tissue engineering promotes cell migration, cell adhesion and proliferation [9]. The nanofibrous PCL-PEG-PCL scaffolds fabricated by electrospinning method have shown these properties which could replicate the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) [13,14]. These biodegradable scaffolds provide a suitable three-dimensional structure required for cell adhesion and cell delivery to specific sites [15]. Meanwhile, multipotent stem cells could differentiate into specific cell lineages [16]. Human dental pulp stem cells with a potential of odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation are one of the sufficient and available sources for tissue engineering [17,18]. These cells have proved to be more available and shown higher cell proliferation compared to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) [19].
Improvement of hepatogenic differentiation of iPS cells on an aligned polyethersulfone compared to random nanofibers
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Maryam Mahmoodinia Maymand, Hamid Reza Soleimanpour-lichaei, Abdolreza Ardeshirylajimi, Masoud Soleimani, Seyed Ehsan Enderami, Shahrzad Nojehdehi, Farkhondeh Behjati, Maryam Kabir Salmani
The application of pluripotent and multipotent stem cells holds great promises in the cell-based therapy and tissue engineering applications. Recently, tissue engineering has introduced new medical cell replacement therapies as an alternative to the traditional transplantation procedures using polymeric biomaterials, which comprises a composite network of nano- and microscale fibers forming highly structured local extracellular matrix (ECM) and microenvironment [1]. Synthetic and natural scaffolds such as nanofibers that trial to mimic the ECM are required to organize the single cells into a higher ordered assembly so as to complete the desired tissue topography and function for tissue engineering applications [2].