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Diarrhea and Malnutrition
Published in Fima Lifshitz, Childhood Nutrition, 2020
Andrea Maggioni, Fima Lifshitz
With the advent of the peroral jejunal biopsy technique, the histological features of the small intestine in a malnourished child have been extensively studied. Morphological studies show a striking spectrum of alterations ranging from severe damage to none at all. The picture that emerges from most of the studies is that in marasmus the small intestinal mucosa, although thin, was regarded to be virtually normal.108 The mitotic index was found to be significantly decreased.109 In kwashiorkor the mucosal architecture was found to be severely abnormal,110 although the mitotic index was only moderately reduced.111 As a result of these findings, it was postulated that cell renewal processes are more sensitive to calorie deficit rather than the overall availability of protein. It should be remembered that food in the intestinal lumen is one of the most important trophic factors which promoted cell renewal, while the decrease in mitotic activity associated with malnutrition may be explained, in part, by the decreased stimulation provided by the limited food intake, especially where anorexia is a feature of the illness.112
Acute Alveolar Injury: Experimental Models
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Assuming no large decrease in pool size or mitotic rate in other cell populations, the data indicate that endothelial mitoses increased sharply at 36 and 48 h, but we must remember that the numbers of endothelial mitoses and of 3H-labelled endothelial cells are expressed as percentages of all alveolar cell typesin mitosis or labelled and not as percent of total endothelial cells. Because of this it is not possible to conclude that the peak of mitotic activity in endothelial cells occurs at 2 days. A relatively greater increase in mitotic rate in one or more other cell types would lead to a decrease in mitotic index and labelling index in endothelial cells even if the mitotic rate in the endothelial population were increasing. In order to reach conclusions about change in mitotic rate in the endothelium or in any other cell population, mitotic counts or counts of cells incorporating [3H]thymidine must be expressed as percent of the cell type in question.
Endometrial stromal tumors — are they hormonally sensitive?
Published in A. R. Genazzani, Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cancer, 2020
P. E. Schwartz, M. C. Chu, W. Zheng, G. Mor
Interestingly, in the series reported by Chang and colleagues5, the mitotic index was not a significant prognostic factor for women with stage I disease, although it was for advanced-stage disease. Forty-five per cent of stage I tumors recurred despite being composed of cells with minimum cytologic atypia and only rare mitotic figures. The size of the uterine primary tumor in stage I disease correlated poorly with clinical outcome5. This experience refuted the observation by Norris and Taylor in an earlier series suggesting that the mitotic index could be used to distinguish microscopically low-grade endometrial stromal tumors from high-grade tumors4.
Nordic 2023 guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2023
Gitte Dam, Henning Grønbæk, Anna Sundlöv, Johan Botling, Anders Sundin, Rene Horsleben Petersen, Staffan Welin, Espen-Thiis Evensen, Halfdan Sorbye, Elizaveta Tabaksblat, Anne Kirstine Arveschoug, Jann Mortensen, Andreas Kjaer, Ulrich Knigge, Eva Tiensuu Janson, Seppo W. Langer
The prototype lung-NEN are well-circumscribed tumors, either associated with central bronchi or the peripheral lung parenchyma and bronchioles. They exhibit solid, insular and trabecular architecture, often with rosette formations, suggestive of neuroendocrine differentiation and consist of cells with small round uniform nuclei with granular chromatin and eosinophilic cytoplasm. In the WHO classification, mitotic index is used to denote proliferation index. Currently, Ki-67 is not a part of the diagnostic criteria in lung-NEN. However, it is encouraged to assess Ki-67 as a part of the diagnostic routine [2]. TC have a low mitotic count (<2 mitosis/2 mm2) and lack necrosis. Conversely, in AC a higher mitotic count (2-10 mitosis/2 mm2) and/or foci of necrosis can be detected [1,2]. Notably, the distinction between TC and AC can only be made in lung resection specimens, as a small biopsy might lack representative foci of necrosis and mitotic hotspots. The current classification does not entirely adhere to the proposed common framework of neuroendocrine neoplasms [7]: At present, there is no entity denoting the well differentiated, high-grade neoplasm, corresponding to the GEP-NET G3. It may be anticipated that the subgroup of differentiated AC with high proliferative Ki67-index (>20%) may in due course be classified as lung-NET G3.
The Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor-Axis and Mitotic Index in South Indian Neonates with Small for Gestational Age
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Nithya M. N., Krishnappa J., Sheela S. R., Venkateswarlu Raavi
Mitosis is an intrinsic property of a cell that contributes to the growth of the somatic cells. The mitotic index is the percentage of cells undergoing mitosis in a given cell population and it is a measure of cellular proliferation [16]. In our previous study, we observed that the mitotic index of lymphocytes from different blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) exposed to ionizing radiation showed a significant difference indicating a differential proliferation response among the blood types [16]. The mitosis in fetal cells contributes to the growth and development of the fetus and it depends on nutritional status, hormones, growth factors, and environmental factors. The studies on GH/IGF-axis components and SGA revealed that there are contrasting results that might depend on nutrition, environment, hormone levels, genetic makeup [2, 17]. Delineating the role of the IGF-axis and mitotic index in SGA may help improve management of SGA neonates. In the present study, we measured the levels of IGF1, IGF2, and IGFBP3 proteins, mitotic index in the cord blood, and the expression of IGFR1 and IGFR2 mRNA in the placenta to find if there any difference in these parameters between AGA and SGA neonates born to south Indian women.
Olfactory nerve schwannoma: how human anatomy and electron microscopy can help to solve an intriguing scientific puzzle
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
Fabbri Vp, Valentina Papa, Tonon C, Agati R, Toni F, Zoli M, Mazzatenta D, Fioravanti A, Badaloni F, Cenacchi G, Foschini Mp, Asioli S
On histology, the lesion was mostly composed of compact spindle cells organized in whorls and fascicles with Verocay bodies (Figure 4a). Some areas were loose-textured and showed a myxoid appearance. The mitotic index was very low (<1 mitosis/50 HPF). On immunohistochemistry, the neoplastic cells showed strong and diffuse S-100 and SOX10 protein positivity (Figure 4b, 4c), whereas were negative for Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA) and Progesterone Receptor (PR). The expression of H3K27me3 was retained. CD57/Leu7 was negative (Figure 4d). Collagen IV immunostain evidenced the deposition of the basal lamina (Figure 5a). Neurofilament immunostaining showed scattered neuronal axons mainly located at the periphery of the lesion. The proliferative index (Ki-67) was 5%.