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Meiotic Abnormalities in Infertile Males
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Mireia Solé, Francesca Vidal, Joan Blanco, Zaida Sarrate
In contrast, studies of meiotic chromosomes using uniform staining have been implemented in some laboratories. Briefly, this protocol consists of mechanical disaggregation of the testicular tissue in a hypotonic solution (0.075 M KCl), followed by cell fixation using methanol:acetic acid (3:1). The cell suspension obtained is dropped onto slides, and samples are stained with Leishman stain (20%) for evaluation with an optical microscope (Figure 5.3). This methodology allows the analysis of chromosome features at prophase I, metaphase I, and metaphase II, identifying meiotic abnormalities in these stages (Figure 5.4).
The Fight Against Cancer
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Mitosis proceeds in five phases. During interphase, the cell is in its normal form; not dividing and the nucleus contains loose DNA, chromatin. During prophase, the nuclear envelope disappears and chromosomes become visible. The chromosomes arrange themselves at the equator (centre) of the cell in metaphase, attached to spindle fibres. In anaphase, each of the two threads of a chromosome (chromatid) migrate to the opposite pole. By telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms and the cell splits to yield two identical diploid cells. If mutation occurs, the daughter cells will not be genetically identical to the parent cell and risk not functioning properly in the body.
The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
In prophase the nuclear membrane breaks down, the nucleus disappears and the long strands of chromatin condense (become densely coiled) to form the familiar chromosome shapes (remember that the cell has already made duplicate copies of its DNA ready for the two daughter cells). The centrioles, discussed earlier, produce guiding filaments that create a cage-like structure called the spindle. During prophase, the chromosomes begin to migrate towards the middle of the cell.
Eupatilin attenuates TGF-β2-induced proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2021
Ayca Kupeli Cinar, S. Altan Ozal, Riza Serttas, Suat Erdogan
Cell cycle consists of mitosis, where cell divides into two sister cells, and the prophase that prepare for it. Prophase includes G1, S, and G2/M phases in which cell growth and genetic material are doubled29. Eupatilin has been shown to be effective against proliferation by arresting cell cycle in different cancer cells21,25. In this study, the S phase population significantly increased in ARPE cells exposed to TGF-β2. However, administration of eupatilin with TGF-β2 reduced the percent of cells in S phase. It was observed that the proliferative effect of TGF-β2 on RPE cells was inhibited by eupatilin treatment, which arrests the cell cycle at G1 and G2/M phases. The data obtained from this study support the G122 and G2/M22 arresting effects of previous eupatilin treatment on cancer cells. These results indicate that the natural compound eupatilin may have the potential to inhibit TGF-β2-mediated cell proliferation, and this effect is at least partially by arresting the cell cycle.
Pro-Apoptotic and Anti-Angiogenesis Effects of Olive Leaf Extract on Spontaneous Mouse Mammary Tumor Model by Balancing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Endostatin Levels
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Sara Milanizadeh, Mohammad Reza Bigdeli
Four stages, including: deparaffinization, hydration, staining, and dehydration have been done, [hydrate in descending alcohol solutions (100% ×2, 95% ×2, 80%, 70%, 50%)/immerse sections in the filtered Harris Hematoxylin for a minute/rinse with water/immerse in Eosin stain for 1 to 2 min/rinse with water/dehydrate in ascending alcohol solutions (50%, 70%, 80%, 95% ×2, 100% ×2)/clear with xylem (×2)]. Morphological structures of the tumor tissues were carefully studied. Apoptotic cells were distinct by following properties under microscope. Condense chromatin near the nuclear membrane, cells with huge condense nucleus. In addition, tumor cells that exhibited the morphological features characteristic for prophase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase stages of mitosis (30,31) were identified and counted.
Zoledronic acid induces cytogenetic toxicity in male germline cells of Swiss albino mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Ramakrishna Dasari, Sunil Misra
Aberrant chromosomal segregation is a consequence of errors in the series of programed and sequential events occurring at prophase-I of meiosis defined by a number of characteristic morphological changes associated with the pairing of homologous chromosomes, synapsis, asynapsis, and recombination (Garcia-Muse and Boulton 2007). For analyzing the cytogenetic toxicity of ZA, three different concentrations (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg b.wt.) were exposed to mice. The group of positive control mice that received CP induced significantly higher percentage of CAs in the spermatogonial cells which are in agreement with the earlier reports (Rathenberg 1975, Choudhury et al. 2002). Further, CP induced a significantly higher percentage of aberrant primary spermatocytes with atypical bivalents at week 4 posttreatment and also significantly higher percentage of abnormal sperms at week 8 posttreatment justifying its clastogenic potential in germline cells.