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Assessment – Macronutrient Needs and Oral Intake
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Metabolism can be described as the combination of substrates and oxygen being converted in the body to heat, carbon dioxide, and water.8 Substrates include carbohydrates, fat and protein, as well as micronutrients and trace elements. The body releases energy in the form of heat, as well as carbon dioxide through the respiratory system.8 Metabolic rate is most accurately measured in a direct or indirect fashion.
Nutrition
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Three main methods are used in indirect calorimetry: The Benedict–Roth spirometer is a simple closed-circuit breathing system that is filled with 6 L of oxygen and held in a drum, floating on a water seal. The subject breathes in from this drum through an inspiratory valve, and expired air is passed back to the drum through an expiratory valve and a soda-lime canister, which removes the CO2 produced. As oxygen is consumed, the volume of the drum decreases, and this is recorded. The rate of oxygen consumption is determined and the metabolic rate calculated.In the Douglas bag technique, all expired air is collected using a mouthpiece with inspiratory and expiratory valves. The expired air collected in the Douglas bag is analysed for the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide so that oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production can be calculated.The Max Planck respirometer is based on the Douglas bag method, and the volume of expired gas is measured directly in a dry gas meter. A device within the spirometer diverts an adjustable volume of the expired gas into a breathing bag, from which the expired gas may be sampled and analysed. This type of respirometer is used for measuring very high rates of oxygen consumption, and for prolonged periods.
Obesity
Published in David Lightsey, The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
Long-term rapid weight loss programs can have a profound negative effect on your resting metabolic rate. The resting metabolic rate is the body’s total caloric requirement over a 24-hour period to sustain all its functions at rest, including vital organ functions, maintaining body temperature, thought processes, and respiration. In 1993, researchers examined 328 healthy men (17–80 years old) and 194 women (18–81 years old) volunteers were characterized for RMR, body composition, physical activity, peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), anthropometrics, and energy intake. Measured RMR was 23% higher in men (1,740 +/− 194 kcal/day) than in women (1,348 +/− 125 kcal/day). These figures depend upon body size, age, muscle mass, and climate, where the rate is lower in warmer climates.30 You can positively change your RMR by becoming more physically active and increasing the amount of muscle mass which results in the utilization or burning more calories per day at rest than normal. If this, through increased activity, is a change of just 100 calories per, then this can theoretically equates to 36,500 calories per year (100 × 365 days) or roughly 10 pounds of body fat (36,500/3,500 calories in one pound of body fat).You can negatively affect your RMR (reduce it) by a sedentary lifestyle, losing muscle mass, or excessive caloric restriction.
Core body temperatures of rats subjected to treadmill exercise to fatigue or exhaustion: The journal Temperature toolbox
Published in Temperature, 2023
Marcelo T. Andrade, Karine N. O. Goulart, Nicolas H. S. Barbosa, Danusa D. Soares, André G. P. Andrade, Dawit A. P. Gonçalves, Thiago T. Mendes, Cândido C. Coimbra, Samuel P. Wanner
Physical exercise increases whole-body metabolic rate due to augmented chemical-to-mechanical energy transformation in contracting skeletal muscles [9]. In rats, the running-induced increase in metabolic rate can attain levels 2 to 4 times greater than baseline values [10–13], leading to higher heat production. Thus, augmented heat loss to the environment is necessary to counterbalance enhanced heat production and avoid exaggerated core body hyperthermia [14,15]. Interestingly, the increase in heat production precedes the increase in cutaneous heat loss, favoring body heat accumulation and the consequent core body temperature (TCORE) rise at the beginning of the exercise [1]. After that, the TCORE level attained by the rats will significantly depend on the ambient temperature (TAMB) and exercise intensity, duration, and protocol [1,16–18].
Effectiveness of a structured physical rehabilitation program on the physical fitness, mental health and pain for Chinese patients with major depressive disorders in Hong Kong – a randomized controlled trial with 9-month follow-up outcomes
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Rosanna Mei Wa Chau, Amy Ying Yu Tsui, Eva Yee Wah Wong, Eddy Yu Yeung Cheung, Debby Yat Ching Chan, Polly Mo Yee Lau, Roger Man Kin Ng
Ho and her colleagues [42] conducted a RCT to examine the effect of aerobic exercise training for a group of Chinese with depression in Hong Kong, in which statistically significant improvement was only found in flexibility but not in muscle strength. In light of this finding, additional strengthening component added in our current program may be the contributor to the improvement in one’s muscle strength and should be regarded as an irreplaceable component in the program. It was also stated in another literature review that the increased metabolic rates can help consumption of more energy storage and thus reduce the body fat mass [43]. These might explain why our protocol is effective in improving the body composition, flexibility, muscle strength and cardiopulmonary function for Chinese patients with MDD. In fact, the improvement of physical fitness would gradually enhances daily physical performance and body image. This helps to promote their physical self-efficacy and the self-esteem in our subjects [44].
Electrically induced cycling and nutritional counseling for counteracting obesity after spinal cord injury: A pilot study
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2021
David R. Dolbow, Daniel P. Credeur, Jennifer L. Lemacks, Dobrivoje S. Stokic, Sambit Pattanaik, Gevork N. Corbin, Andrew S. Courtner
Thanks to medical advances and improved injury surval rates, spinal cord injury (SCI) has essentially been converted to a long-term chronic disability.1 Consequently, increased longevity in this population has been accompanied by many negative health conditions, with obesity being a major health disparity.2,3 It is reported that about 66–75% of those with SCI are either overweight or obese.2–5 Additionally, because greater obesity is related to greater disability and chronic diseases, the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, including heart disease, stroke and type II diabetes, are elevated to more than twice that of the able-bodied population.6–9 One reason for the high rate of obesity after SCI is the loss of muscle mass. Shortly after the injury, those with SCI experience rapid and significant skeletal muscle atrophy below the level of injury10–13 resulting in skeletal muscle cross-sectional areas of 45–80% less than that of able-bodied individuals.11,14 Therefore, after SCI, the loss of metabolically active muscle mass results in a 26% reduction in basal metabolic rate.14–16 This is important because basal metabolic rate accounts for ∼65% of the total daily energy expenditure and plays a major role in the positive energy balance that results in obesity after SCI.16 In addition to decreased muscle mass, individuals with SCI are typically among the most sedentary, thus further lowering energy expenditure creating an unhealthy energy balance.17,18